Technological and Environmental Transformations
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| 1406726724 | During what famous age/period did the early human migrations take place? | Paleolithic | 0 | |
| 1406726725 | Where did early human migrations begin? | East Africa | 1 | |
| 1406726726 | What do anthropologists believe about the social structures of early hunter-forager bands? | Anthropologists believe that early hunter-forager bands were relatively egalitarian; meaning that all people we're treated equally. | 2 | |
| 1406726727 | What "technologies" did early humans develop and how did they use these technologies? | Early humans learned to use fire in many ways, such as aiding in hunting and foraging, protecting against predators and adapting to colder environments. They also developed a wide range of tools. | 3 | |
| 1406726728 | Why did early humans develop different tools in different regions of the world? | Tools were created to allow humans to adapt to different climates. Naturally, unique tools were necessary for every region as regions have their own unique climates. | 4 | |
| 1406726729 | What do we know about the economic structures of early hunter-forager bands? | The economic structures of early humans focused on small kinship groups that produced what they needed to survive. Still, not all groups we're completely self-sufficient and different groups often exchanged people, ideas and goods. | 5 | |
| 1406888184 | What major historical turning point occurred about 10,000 years ago? (Also know as 8000 BCE) | The neolithic or agricultural revolution. | 6 | |
| 1406888185 | How did the switch to agriculture impact the environment? Why? | There was a massive impact on the environment because of the neolithic revolution. This impact occurred because of selective breeding of plant species, construction of irrigation systems, use of domesticated animals and overgrazing. | 7 | |
| 1406888186 | How did social structures change with the switch to agriculture? | Because of the physical nature of agricultural work, patriarchy developed alongside slavery. This gave some elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. | 8 | |
| 1406888187 | What is pastoralism and where did it first emerge? | Pastoralism is a way of life in which a group of people would domesticate animals and simply lead them around different grazing ranges, moving whenever the animals used up the available resources in the area. It first emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia. | 9 | |
| 1406888188 | What are some defining characteristics of the pastoralist way of life? | Pastoralists usually did not accumulate many material possessions as these would have been a hindrance when on the move between grazing areas. | 10 | |
| 1406888189 | How did pastoralists affect people living in settle agricultural communities? | Pastoralists we're vital in the spread of technological innovation between different agricultural communities as they moved between settled populations. | 11 | |
| 1406888190 | What are the seven major regions associated with the emergence of agriculture? | 1. Mesopotamia 2. The Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa 3. The Indus River Valley 4. The Yellow River or Huang He valley 5. Papua New Guinea 6. Mesoamerica 7. The Andes | 12 | |
| 1406888191 | Why did people in agricultural communities have to work cooperatively with one another? | Different communities had to work together to clear land and create water control systems needed for crop production. No one community could complete these tasks on it's own. | 13 | |
| 1406888192 | How was environmental diversity impacted by the emergence of agriculture? | Humans specifically bred certain plants for their nutritious benefits, leading to some species of plants beginning to dominate while other species were going extinct. | 14 | |
| 1406888193 | How did the emergence of pastoralism affect the environment? | Pastoralists would often overgraze land by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands. This eventually led to erosion of the Earth. | 15 | |
| 1406888194 | How did the emergence of pastoralism and agriculture affect the food supply? | The emergence of pastoralism and agriculture led to a more reliable and abundant, though less diverse, supply of food. | 16 | |
| 1406888195 | What happened to early human populations as a result of pastoralism and agriculture? Explain. | The population of early humans increased rapidly because of the more reliable and abundant supply of food. | 17 | |
| 1406902895 | How did agriculture affect human labor systems before 600 BCE? | The resulting surplus of food led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors and the development of elites. | 18 | |
| 1406902896 | How did specialization of labor impact technology before 600 BCE? | Specialization of labor led to improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation. | 19 | |
| 1406902897 | What important technological innovations emerged as a result of the specialization of labor? | • Pottery • Plows • Woven Textiles • Metallurgy • Wheels • Wheeled Vehicles | 20 | |
| 1406902898 | What are some important characteristics of the elite groups that emerged with the switch to pastoralism and agriculture? | These elite groups accumulated massive amounts of wealth which led to more hierarchical social structures and the promotion of patriarchal forms of social organization. | 21 | |
| 1406966832 | How long ago did the fist societies develop that laid the foundations for civilization? | 5,000 years ago | 22 | |
| 1406966833 | What is the term "civilization" used to designate? | The term civilization is normally used to designate large societies with cities and powerful states. | 23 | |
| 1406966834 | What important features do all civilizations share? | • Produced significant agricultural surplus • Contained cities • Generated complex institutions such as political bureaucracies • Featured clearly stratified (containing many classes) social hierarchies • Organized long-distance trading relationships | 24 | |
| 1407279534 | What is a bureaucracy? | A government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. | 25 | |
| 1407279535 | In regards to labor systems, what do agricultural surpluses permit? | Agricultural surpluses permit the specialization of labor. | 26 | |
| 1407279536 | Name the "core & foundational civilizations" where agriculture flourished. | 1. Mesopotamia (between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers) 2. Egypt in the Nile river Valley 3. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley 4. Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He valley 5. Olmecs in Mesoamerica 6. Chavín in Andean South America | 27 | |
| 1407279537 | What are the defining characteristics of a "state"? | States are often characterized by having an excess of workers and resources that are utilized over a large geographical area. | 28 | |
| 1407279538 | What are some typical defining characteristics of the leaders of early states? | Early states we're generally led by a ruler whose source of power was: believed to be divine and/or supported by the military. | 29 | |
| 1407279539 | What are the Hittites known for? | The Hittites are known for being favorably situated next to a large iron vein, meaning they had access to iron. | 30 | |
| 1407279540 | What does it mean to be a "favorably situated" state? | A favorably situated state was one that was geographically located in a way that gave it an advantage over other states. An example of this would be the Hittites. These states tended to produce more surplus food and experience greater growing populations. Because of this, they were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. | 31 | |
| 1407279541 | What was a common trend in early states with food surplus and growing populations? | These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. | 32 | |
| 1407279542 | Which 3 regions experienced the first empire building? | 1. Mesopotamia 2. Babylonia 3. The Nile Valley | 33 | |
| 1407279543 | What role did pastoralists play in transforming civilizations? Provide some examples. | They were often the developers of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare. Examples: • Compound bow • Iron weapons • Chariots • Horseback riding | 34 | |
| 1407297313 | What role did culture play in unifying states? | Culture played a significant role in unifying states. It did this through laws, languages, religion, myth and monumental art. | 35 | |
| 1407297314 | What are some examples of monumental architecture and urban planning in early civilizations? | • Ziggurats • Pyramids • Temples • Defensive walls • Streets and roads • Sewage and water systems | 36 | |
| 1407297315 | Who promoted the arts and artisanship in early civilizations? | Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. | 37 | |
| 1407297316 | Systems of record keeping arose _____________ in all early civilizations. List some examples. | Independently. Examples: • Cuneiform • Hieroglyphs • Pictographs • Alphabets • Quipu | 38 | |
| 1407335737 | What is an example of an early legal code? | The Code of Hammurabi | 39 | |
| 1407335738 | What religious beliefs developed during the period of early/core civilizations? | 1. Vedic religion or Hinduism 2. Hebrew monotheism or Judaism 3. Zoroastrianism from Persia | 40 | |
| 1407335739 | How did trade change during this time period? | Trade expanded from being just local to regional and even transregional. Civilizations exchanged goods, cultural ideas and technology. | 41 | |
| 1407335740 | What are some examples of civilizations that exchanged goods, ideas and technology during the period of early civilizations? | 1. Between Egypt and Nubia 2. Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley | 42 | |
| 1407335741 | What changed in the realm of social systems during the period of early civilizations? | Social and gender hierarchies intensified. All the sexism! | 43 | |
| 1407335742 | What are some examples of literature from the period of early civilizations? | • Epics of Gilgamesh • Rig Veda • Book of the Dead | 44 |
