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| 10956364682 | Alexander the Great | Leader of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.) who conquered Persia and Egypt creating an empire that merged several cultures. He was tutored by Aristotle -merged Greek culture with cultures in S. Asia, the Middle East, and N. Africa. |  | 0 |
| 10956364683 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.). He was a powerful warrior who defeated his rivals, the Kalinga, and other tribes to unify most of South Asia into a single kingdom. He converted to Buddhism and promoted peace. He was an important figure in actively promoting the spread of Buddhism, sponsoring missionaries and Buddhist monasteries along trade routes. |  | 1 |
| 10956364684 | Chandragupta Mauyra | Founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Began centralization of power in S. Asia. | 2 | |
| 10956364685 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 3 |
| 10956364686 | Constantine | Roman emperor of the 4th century CE who legalized Christianity. | 4 | |
| 10956364687 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. Instituted the Satrapy system of ruling through local leaders in order to better manage the over 70 ethnic groups living in Persia |  | 5 |
| 10956364688 | Darius I | Achaemenid king (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) who expanded the Persian empire through military conquest and undertook building campaigns in Susa and Parsargaade. Capital city was Persepolis. Build the Royal Road which spanned 1500 miles across the empire and established a courier service to transmit information. |  | 6 |
| 10956364689 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty from 141 BCE-220 CE. Restored unity in China after period of chaos following fall of Qin. Most significant emperor was Han Wudi. Expanded the empire by taking over Korea and N. Vietnam and pacifying the xiongnu. Set up the civil service exams to create competent bureaucrats to administer the empire. Greatly increased silk production, contributing to the development of the Silk roads. Developed paper, iron plow, effective yoke for beasts of burden. |  | 7 |
| 10956364690 | Hellenistic | The spread of Greek culture throughout Afro-Eurasia from 323 to 30 B.C.E by Alexander the Great and hsi political successors. |  | 8 |
| 10956364691 | Ptolemaic Empire | Dynasty of Egypt founded by descendants of Macedonian generals. They promoted science, greek learning, and trade. | 9 | |
| 10956364692 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 10 |
| 10956364693 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society and had all real power in the republic. | 11 | |
| 10956364694 | plebians | Members of the general citizenry of ancient Rome. It included all citizens not connected to one of Rome's privileged families. They had little real power. | 12 | |
| 10956364695 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 13 |
| 10956364696 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 14 |
| 10956364697 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 15 |
| 10956364698 | Pataliputra | Located at the confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in northeastern India. It was the capital city of the Mauryan and Gupta empires. | 16 | |
| 10956364699 | Alexandria | An important center of the Hellenistic civilization best known for the Lighthouse and largest library in the ancient world | 17 | |
| 10956364700 | Appian Way (Via Appia) | One of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic | 18 | |
| 10956364701 | Samarkand | Important trading city in Central Asia/modern day Uzbekistan that benefited from it's position along the silk roads. | 19 | |
| 10956364702 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. Standardized Chinese script, standardized coinage, built canals, and roads which unified empire. |  | 20 |
| 10956364703 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly united China and established a strong and repressive state. Persecuted Confucian scholars and burned confucian texts. | 21 | |
| 10956364704 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 22 | |
| 10956364705 | Han Fei | Founder of legalism, a system justifying rule by a strong authority | 23 | |
| 10956364706 | Kong Fuzi | Chinese philosopher lived in the mid 6th century BCE during chaotic time of Zhou decline. He promoted a system later termed "Confucianism." It stressed the idea of maintaining order by adhering to your role in certain hierarchical relationships. Also stressed toe concept of filial piety, honoring and obeying your family members and elders. | 24 | |
| 10956364707 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). Encouraged students to question everything. Was sentenced to death by the Athenian government for corrupting the minds of the youth. | 25 | |
| 10956364708 | Aristotle | A Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who stressed the importance of using empirical evidence to explain the natural world | 26 | |
| 10956364709 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | 27 | |
| 10956364710 | Plato | Philosopher who believed the wisest men should rule. In his allegory of th Cave he introduced the idea that human misery due to their not engaging properly with a class of entities he called ideal forms, chief examples of which were Justice, Beauty, and Equality. | 28 | |
| 10956364711 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 29 | |
| 10956364712 | Buddhism | A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Guatama that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth. | 30 | |
| 10956364713 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 31 | |
| 10956364714 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 32 | |
| 10956364715 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | 33 | |
| 10956364716 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 34 | |
| 10956364717 | Paul | Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews and speaking to large audiences throughout the Roman Empire. | 35 | |
| 10956364718 | Peter | One of the 12 Apostles who made Rome the center of Christianity and is known as the first pope. | 36 | |
| 10956364719 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 37 |
| 10956364720 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism circa 500's BCE. Followers seek hapiness and widom by seeking harmony of and balance with nature. Contributed to understanding of medicine; metallurgy; development of feng shui and Tai Chi. | 38 | |
| 10956364721 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy developed circa 3rd century BCE. Believed humans were bad by nature so society needed a system of strict laws and punishments. Importance of obedience to leaders was stressed. | 39 | |
| 10956364722 | Nirvana | a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism. | 40 | |
| 10956364723 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 41 | |
| 10956364724 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes withdrawal from earthly pleasures in order to achieve nirvana. It's mostly practiced in Sri Lanka and S. East Asia | 42 | |
| 10956364725 | Mahayana | A popular form of Buddhism that does not require withdrawal from the world. They view Buddha as a divine figure and also worship lesser deities known as bodhisattvas. | 43 | |
| 10956364726 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 44 | |
| 10956364727 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally for several centuries before being written down circa 600 B.C.E. | 45 | |
| 10956364728 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. It's a central feature of Daoism | 46 | |
| 10956364729 | Manichaeism | a syncretic religious system founded by a Persian claiming to be a prophet. It combined Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, which included doctrines of light and darkness:; the need for an ascetic life to purify the soul; and the need for personal salvation from the divine force of goodness. | 47 | |
| 10956364730 | jati | social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 48 | |
| 10956364731 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra around the 7th or 8th century BCE. It was the main faith of the Achaemenid Emperors. It stressed the duality of the universe as a battle of good and evil and may have been the first monotheistic faith in the region. | 49 | |
| 10956364732 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 50 | |
| 10956364733 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 51 | |
| 10956364734 | Caste System | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society. At the top were the Brahmins: Priests and teachers. Next were the Kyshatriyas: The Rulers and fighters. Then the Vaishyas: Farmers, traders, and merchants. Beneath are the Shudra: manual laborers. Later the Dailits or untouchables were at the very bottom as social outcasts. | 52 | |
| 10956364735 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 53 | |
| 10956364736 | Yellow Turban uprising | Chinese peasant uprising that weakened the Han Empire and led to its collaps | 54 | |
| 10956364737 | Spartacus Rebellion | One of the largest slave revolts in history. It was led by a Roman slave who was backed by thousands of other slaves. It demonstrates the weakness of having a labor system increasingly dependent on slavery. | 55 | |
| 10956364738 | Parthian | Empire in modern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. originally made of nomadic peoples from Central Asia . They were able to defend the region from the Romans. | 56 | |
| 10956364739 | Xiongnu | Central Asian tribe who harassed the early Chinese empires until they were occupied and pacified by the Han. | 57 | |
| 10956364740 | Features of the Mauryan Empire | Ruled S. Asia from 4th century BCE-232 BCE . Capital located in Pataliputra near Ganges. Unique in that it was able to bring most of S. Asia under its control. Ashoka brought efficient governance to most regions: effective tax collection, built roads for trade and to connect empire. Was an important center of trade and exchange of ideas | 58 | |
| 10956364741 | Features of Gupta Empire | Second Major dynasty of the classical era. 3rd or 4th century CE-6th century CE. Had extensive contact with places across Afro-Eurasia, including Rome. Ruled during the so-called "golden age" which demonstrated advanced scientific and mathematical concepts. Developed hospitals, stepwells, number 0, "arabic" numbers. Established a university in Nalinda. Hinduism became the major belief system. Capital at Pataliputra, ruled through local leaders. Only controlled N. provinces of S. Asia | 59 | |
| 10956364742 | Athenian Democracy | A form of direct democracy in Greece beginning circa 6th century BCE. Much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot. Women and slaves were excluded from government. Women couldn't own property, testify in public, go out in public without a man, or receive an education. The Parthenon, a temple honoring Athena, was its most notable structure. |  | 60 |
| 10956364743 | Twelve Tables | Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic. They were publicly displayed. | 61 | |
| 10956364744 | map of Han dynasty |  | 62 | |
| 10956364745 | map of qin dynasty |  | 63 | |
| 10956364746 | Empire of Alexander the Great |  | 64 | |
| 10956364747 | Achaemenid Empire |  | 65 | |
| 10956364748 | Map of Mauryan Empire |  | 66 | |
| 10956364749 | Map of Gupta Empire |  | 67 | |
| 10956364750 | Spread of Buddhism |  | 68 | |
| 10956364751 | Spread of Christianity |  | 69 |
