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| 10840259256 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | 0 | |
| 10840259257 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 10840259258 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise, and officeholders were chosen by lot. | 2 | |
| 10840259259 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | 3 | |
| 10840259261 | Hellenistic Era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia and North Africa in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 4 | |
| 10840259262 | Han Dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement | 5 | |
| 10840259263 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | 6 | |
| 10840259264 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 7 | |
| 10840259265 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor from the Qin" who forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 8 | |
| 10840259269 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra | 9 | |
| 10840259270 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 10 | |
| 10840259271 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 11 | |
| 10840259273 | Greek Rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 12 | |
| 10840259274 | Saint Paul | The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E. | 13 | |
| 10840259275 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 14 | |
| 10840259277 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 15 | |
| 10840259278 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express his own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 10840259279 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. | 17 | |
| 10840259280 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 18 | |
| 10840259281 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 19 | |
| 10840259283 | Ban Zhao | A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women | 20 | |
| 10840259284 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 21 | |
| 10840259285 | Siddhartha Gautama | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 22 | |
| 10840259286 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 23 | |
| 10840259289 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 24 | |
| 10840259291 | China's scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 25 | |
| 10840259292 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 26 | |
| 10840259293 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 27 | |
| 10840259295 | Caste | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India | 28 | |
| 10840259296 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 29 | |
| 10840259297 | Aspasia | A foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) who was famed for her learning and wit. She was the partner of the statesman Pericles, who worked to extend the rights of Athenian citizens. | 30 | |
| 10840259298 | "ritual purity" in Indian social practice | the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. | 31 | |
| 10840259299 | Spartacus | A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.). | 32 | |
| 10840259300 | the "three obediences" | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son. | 33 | |
| 10840259302 | Moche | An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 | 34 | |
| 10840259307 | Axum | Second-wave era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. | 35 | |
| 10840259308 | Bantu expansion | The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of Bantu-speaking farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered. | 36 |
