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| 11322010385 | Herodotus | first great Greek historian, wrote The Histories | 0 | |
| 11322010386 | Crete | island in the Aegean Sea, Minoans lived here, built wealthy city Knossos | 1 | |
| 11322010387 | Minoan civilization | in Crete, influence around 2000 BCE, skilled builders and experienced seafarers, legends of King Minos and Daedalus and the maze | 2 | |
| 11322010388 | Mycenae | city on mainland of Greece, probably never conquered by Minoans but showed cultural influence of, had widespread trade, declined along with Minoans in "dark age" around 1100 BCE-750 BCE | 3 | |
| 11322010389 | Knossos Palace | Minoan civilization, had indoor plumbing, shows value of innovation and culture that spread to Greek mainland | 4 | |
| 11322010390 | poleis (singular polis) | city-states in Greece, separated by natural barriers, usually had independent local governments | 5 | |
| 11322010391 | Persian Wars | fifth and fourth centuries BCE, resulted from competition between Greece and expanding Persian empire for access to the sea | 6 | |
| 11322010392 | hoplites | infantry members in Greece, polis could call upon citizens to defend their lands, sometimes against other poleis | 7 | |
| 11322010393 | monarchy/aristocracy/oligarchy/democracy | king rules state//nobles rule//few wealthy landowners and merchants rule//all citizens participate | 8 | |
| 11322010394 | Sparta and Athens | two of the most powerful poleis, remembered for military society, political and intellectual achievements respectively | 9 | |
| 11322010395 | Spartan women | greater freedoms than other Greek women bc men served in the military, received an education, could own property, not secluded in homes, praised for athleticism | 10 | |
| 11322010396 | helots | slaves, relied on by Spartan society to do agricultural labor needed to feed everyone | 11 | |
| 11322010397 | Solon | reform-minded aristocrat, lived in sixth century BCE, became known as wise ruler who improved life in Athens, ex. setting many Athenians free from debt slavery and limiting individuals' land ownership | 12 | |
| 11322010398 | direct democracy vs representative democracy | government in which all citizens vote directly on laws and issues in a large assembly vs citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders power to govern | 13 | |
| 11322010399 | archons | council of nobles, made up democratic Athenian government along with citizen assembly | 14 | |
| 11322010400 | Pericles | ruler of Athens during Golden Age (461-429 BCE), Parthenon rebuilt after destruction in war with Persia during his reign, made reforms to government like Council of 500 and People's Courts | 15 | |
| 11322010401 | the Iliad and the Odyssey | two epic poems composed by Greek poet Homer around ninth BCE, oral for a long time | 16 | |
| 11322010402 | Socrates/Socratic Method | influential Greek thinker, eventually killed by Athenian government for questioning state religion, method= continually asking questions to systematically clarify another person's ideas and identify core | 17 | |
| 11322010403 | Plato | student of Socrates, opened school called the Academy, taught students to question nature of ideas like good/evil, etc, wrote dialogues = teachings presented as discussions between Socrates and pupils | 18 | |
| 11322010404 | The Republic | One of Plato's dialogues, described an ideal society ruled by government relying on concept of justice and ethics, envisioned "philosopher kings" and did not support democracy | 19 | |
| 11322010405 | Aristotle | student of Plato, believed in avoiding extremes in behavior = the Golden Mean, emphasized empiricism (trust in observations) and logic, wrote Poetics- defined tragedy, comedy, epic and lyric poetry | 20 | |
| 11322010406 | syncretic | quality of combining ideas from different sources, ex. resulted from contact between Greeks and Persians, Egyptains | 21 | |
| 11322010407 | Euripides and Sophocles | Greek playwrights, used myths of gods as literary devices | 22 | |
| 11322010408 | Aristophanes | wrote comedies (character triumphs over hardship) like Lysistrata and the Birds | 23 | |
| 11322010409 | Aeschylus | wrote tragedies- dealt with death, war, justice, gods/people relationship like Prometheus Bound | 24 | |
| 11322010410 | Parthenon | massive stone building, shows importance of religion in architecture with friezes showing Greek myths | 25 | |
| 11322010411 | Syracuse and Agrigentum | some of the largest Greek colonies. Colonies had autonomy but shared culture with home city-state | 26 | |
| 11322010412 | Cyrus the Great | ruled 559-529 BCE, Persians conquered most of lands Aegean Sea- India under his rule, succeeded by son | 27 | |
| 11322010413 | Achaemenid Empire | Camyses (son of Cyrus the Great) conquered Egypt, parts of SE Europe to create "First Persian Empire", united Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India | 28 | |
| 11322010414 | Darius I | ruled 522-486 BCE, divided lands conquered by Persian empire into provinces, created position of satrap= ruler of province loyal to emperor, not local leaders, instituted common currency | 29 | |
| 11322010415 | Royal Road | 1,500 miles across Persian Empire, network of roads built to encourage trade, during rule of Darius I | 30 | |
| 11322010416 | capital city Persepolis, caravanserai inn/markets | projects funded by regular tax payments instituted by Darius I in Perisa | 31 | |
| 11322010417 | Xerxes | ruled Persia 519-465 BCE, continued policy of Persian tolerance toward diverse population | 32 | |
| 11322010418 | Zoroastrianism | Zarathustra (660 BCE-583 BCE) Persian prophet, began teaching, monotheistic religion, taught concepts of heaven and hell | 33 | |
| 11322010419 | magi, Avestas | ___ priests spread Zarathustra's teachings orally, later collection of written texts based on his beliefs produced | 34 | |
| 11322010420 | Persian Wars, Marathon | around 499 BCE, conquered Greek areas rebelled against Persian empire, Athens and Sparta united to help- 490 BCE in city Marathon in Greece, outnumbered Athenian army defeated Persian forces of Darius | 35 | |
| 11322010421 | Battle of Thermopylae | Xerxes attacked Greece, defeated Spartans and allies, went on to capture and burn athens | 36 | |
| 11322010422 | Delian League | Athenians and allies formed in reaction to defeat in Thermopylae | 37 | |
| 11322010423 | Battle of Salamis | naval battle, Athenians defeat Persians, Greeks won other battles and forces Persians to retreat | 38 | |
| 11322010424 | Peloponnesian War, Peloponnesian League | 431-404 BCE, Sparta revolted against Athens bc Athens expected taxes from other city-states, with allies in league Sparta defeated Athens, became dominant power in Greece | 39 | |
| 11322010425 | Philip II | new power in Macedonia, conquered all of Greek city-states except Sparta, assassinated in 336 BCE, succeeded by son Alexander the Great | 40 | |
| 11322010426 | Alexander the Great | extended Greek influence all the way to India during 13 year campaign, used rule of native residents to control vast empire, founded city Alexandria in Egypt, death in 323 BCE led to chaos w no heir | 41 | |
| 11322010427 | Hellenistic Period | Alexander the Great conquered vast empire, Greek culture has widespread influence | 42 | |
| 11322010428 | Ptolemy dynasty | one of Alexander's generals seized Egypt, after division of Greek-influenced lands, largest library of ancient world at Alexandria | 43 | |
| 11322010429 | Seleucids | ruled Persia 305-83 BCE, encouraged Greek and Macedonian colonists, kept Achaemenid bureaucratic system but often had revolts, eventually replaced by Romans | 44 | |
| 11322010430 | Parthians | ruled present-day Iraq, Iran, land bordering India beginning in 247 BCE, kept satrap system of government, held off Roman Empire from Syria but defeated by Sassanids in 224 CE | 45 | |
| 11322010431 | Sassanids | dynasty 224-651CE, government promoted Zoroastrianism and persecuted Christians | 46 | |
| 11322010432 | The Aeneid | epic by Roman poet Virgil, forecasts legacy of Roman Empire, as Iliad is to Greece | 47 | |
| 11322010433 | Apennine Mountains | length of Italian peninsula, did not prevent unity like Greek geography | 48 | |
| 11322010434 | Etruscans, Latins | combined with Greeks in early Rome, settled in northern and central Italy, gained alphabet from southern Greek colonists through trade | 49 | |
| 11322010435 | Rome | started as village on seven hills, welcomed outcasts and outsiders, local tribes agreed to rotating kingship | 50 | |
| 11322010436 | Tiber River | from Tyrrhenian Sea, site nearby became Rome | 51 | |
| 11322010437 | patricians | wealthy landowners, overthrew final monarch of early Rome to establish republic (government of elected officials) | 52 | |
| 11322010438 | Senate | At first, only wealthy Roman citizens represented, also acted as court along with assemblies | 53 | |
| 11322010439 | plebeians | most Romans = small farmers, tradespeople, craftsworkers, common soldiers | 54 | |
| 11322010440 | magistrates | officials who carried out daily government operations, elected by assemblies of lower class citizens | 55 | |
| 11322010441 | tribunes | new officials elected to represent plebeians | 56 | |
| 11322010442 | consuls | two most important magistrates, elected by Roman citizens, served as army commanders, had veto power -> early checks and balances | 57 | |
| 11322010443 | Laws of the Twelve Tables | inequalities in laws led to revolts, response was to display these publicly to check judiciary system, dealt with most aspects of life | 58 | |
| 11322010444 | Cicero | great lawyer in Rome, trained also by Greeks | 59 | |
| 11322010445 | Carthage | city-state across Mediterranean from Rome, both wanted to control sea trade | 60 | |
| 11322010446 | Punic Wars | series of three wars 264-146 BCE between Rome and Carthage, Romans finally captured, destroyed, and enslaved the city -> Carthaginian peace = ending war with complete destruction of an enemy | 61 | |
| 11322010447 | Vandals | nomadic group, took Carthage in 439 CE, conquered Rome in 455 CE | 62 | |
| 11322010448 | legions | large Roman armies, land-owning citizens of certain age required to serve, often sold small farms to wealthy patricians when entering army, patricians combined purchases into huge latifundia estates | 63 | |
| 11322010449 | Spartacus Rebellion | 73 BCE, in response to increasingly harsh conditions of slavery, one of largest slave revolts in history, thousands of rebels and slaves killed and executed | 64 | |
| 11322010450 | Gaius Marius, Lucius Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar/Marc Antony, Octavian | popular and successful generals of Rome, troops devoted to them rather than the state, clashes between groups of Romans became civil wars over state leadership | 65 | |
| 11322010451 | popularis | aristocrat with strength based on support of common people of Rome, not just other elites -> Julius Caesar | 66 | |
| 11322010452 | Battle of Actium | 31 BCE, on Ionian Sea, Octavian defeated Antony, proclaimed himself sole ruler of Rome | 67 | |
| 11322010453 | Pax Romana | 200 years, Roman peacetime, started during Octavian ("Augustus Caesar")'s rule | 68 | |
| 11322010454 | equestrian class | some social mobility to male Roman citizens with enough property, held positions of some authority in government | 69 | |
| 11322010455 | Epicureanism | Roman philosophy based in Greek ideas, promoted living simply and enjoying pleasures of life without focusing on appealing to gods | 70 | |
| 11322010456 | Stoicism | another Roman philosophy based on Greek ideas, accepting the will of the gods, remain detached from pleasure and pain | 71 | |
| 11322010457 | pontifex maximus | chief priest of Rome- Romans required practice of state religion but were tolerant of additional religions like Persians | 72 | |
| 11322010458 | mystery cults | Romans who wanted more spiritual beliefs joined, followers promised an afterlife in return for secret rituals | 73 | |
| 11322010459 | Jesus | emerged into Jewish community in Rome, where Jews were persecuted after rebellions over poly vs monotheism, regarded as troublemaker by Roman officials | 74 | |
| 11322010460 | Christianty | distinct form of Judaism, most popular among poor, slaves, and women | 75 | |
| 11322010461 | Peter and Paul | important to spread of Christianity | 76 | |
| 11322010462 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE, emperor Constantine declared Christianity legal | 77 | |
| 11322010463 | St. Augustine of Hippo | wrote City of God, points out duality of God on earth vs in heaven -> tensions that would later result in separation of church and state | 78 | |
| 11322010464 | Silk Roads | transregional route connecting communities in Europe and Asia | 79 | |
| 11322010465 | Diocletian | ruled 284-305 CE, Roman empire divided into western and eastern parts, western half declined while eastern side with Byzantium as capital flourished | 80 | |
| 11322010466 | The Mahabharata | one of most important writings in Hindu tradition, Bhagavad Gita is part of, emphasizes carrying out duty in life and separating self from "attachment" to worldly concerns | 81 | |
| 11322010467 | varna | word for caste originally used by Aryans, means "color," to distinguish between Aryans and darker-skinned Dravidians | 82 | |
| 11322010468 | brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas, shudras | Four castes: preistly and learned class// warrior and ruling class// merchant and artisan class// peasant and serf class | 83 | |
| 11322010469 | dalits | used to be "untouchables", lowest rung in Indian hierarchy, performed unpleasant jobs in society | 84 | |
| 11322010470 | jatis | subcasts, developed within original castes to accommodate complex Indian society | 85 | |
| 11322010471 | Jainism | founded by Mahavir Jain (born 500s BCE), drew on ideas first expressed in Upanishads = traditional Hindu texts, state that all creatures on Earth are part of larger Brahma soul-> take measures not to hurt any living creatures, doctrine of ahimsa nonviolence | 86 | |
| 11322010472 | Mahavir Jain | born 500s BCE, founded Jainism | 87 | |
| 11322010473 | Siddhartha Guatama | Starting in 530 BCE, went on quest to discover why suffering plagued the human race, became ascetic = someone who rejects worldly pleasures and lives life of self-denial, meditated for days to come to several realizations = he called 'enlightenment', became known as Buddha | 88 | |
| 11322010474 | Four Noble Truths | summarize Buddhist doctrines, fundamental truths about suffering and how to end it by eliminating desire using Buddhism's eight-step path of meditation and reflection, hope to reach nirvana- peaceful state in the afterlife | 89 | |
| 11322010475 | reincarnation/karma | Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism all believe in inward reflection and hope to end the cycle of _____, but only Hindus believe caste is based on _______, Buddhism and Jainism reject caste system to show mercy to all people and detach from worldly matters | 90 | |
| 11322010476 | Mahabharata, Ramayana | Epic poems transmitted orally, shared Vedic lessons spread Hinduism. First instructs main character to perform dharma, second had female protagonist who is a dutiful, subordinate wife to her husband | 91 | |
| 11322010477 | Mauryan Dynasty | emerged in fourth century BCE, kingdom of Magadha, conqueror Chandragupta Maurya consolidated and seized more territory, at height in third century BCE Mauryan Empire had centralized government through India and modern-day Pakistan- except land south of Deccan Plateau | 92 | |
| 11322010478 | provinces, council of ministers, districts | Mauryan empire divided into _____, each with capital city ruled by a prince. Prince was assisted by ____, emperor had another counsel to advise him, provinces divided into ____ governed by minister | 93 | |
| 11322010479 | Ashoka Maurya (Ashoka the Great) | ruled Magadha empire 268-232 BCE, Chandragupta's grandson, ferocious warrior, brutal attack on eastern Indian Kalinga kingdom. Brutality of military experiences led him to convert to Buddhism, built monasteries, send missionaries to neighboring kingdoms like Ceylon and Bactria | 94 | |
| 11322010480 | Pataliputra | capital city during Mauryan Dynasty, Ashoka established efficient tax-collecting for government based here, near Ganges River | 95 | |
| 11322010481 | Rock and Pillar Edicts | One of Ashoka's most famous actions, inscribed administration policies and philosophies on rocks and pillars throughout kingdoms, kept public informed of the law, united empire under central power | 96 | |
| 11322010482 | Kushan Empire | after Ashoka died in 232 BCE, Bactria and then this empire ruled in power vacuum from around 180 BCE-180 CE | 97 | |
| 11322010483 | Indian Ocean sea lanes | goods carried in ships from ports along India's west coast to ports on Red Sea, Persian Gulf, connected Indian ports with East Africa and Indonesia | 98 | |
| 11322010484 | Gandhara Buddhas | statues combining Greek and Roman artistic traditions with native Indian art | 99 | |
| 11322010485 | Gupta Dynasty | second and last major Indian dynasty of Classical Era, smaller than Mauryan's but was Golden Age for India (late 200s CE-550 CE), trade with foreign merchants increased, India became important destination on Silk Roads | 100 | |
| 11322010486 | inoculations | infecting a person with a mild form of a disease to develop immunity, first done by Indian physicians during Gupta dynasty | 101 | |
| 11322010487 | Arabic numerals | Indian mathematics developed numbers 0-9, introduced to Europe by Arab peoples who learned about them from India | 102 | |
| 11322010488 | Nalanda | one of the most ancient universities in the world, in northeast India | 103 | |
| 11322010489 | Sarnath | north central India, Buddhist scholars established university devoted to the study of Buddhist teachings | 104 | |
| 11322010490 | White Huns | nomads from the northwest who invaded and ended Gupta Dynasty, had taken over by 500 CE, Gupta dynasty was last of great Eurasian empires from first century CE to collapse | 105 | |
| 11322010491 | Confucius | philosopher born around 551 BCE (during decline of Zhou dynasty), likely into poverty, traveled across China after conflict with local powers, his ideas became foundation of Confucianism | 106 | |
| 11322010492 | Analects (Selected Sayings) | disciples compiled teachings of Confucius, likely adding on, in complex work after his death | 107 | |
| 11322010493 | filial piety | the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, concept in Confucian China | 108 | |
| 11322010494 | Daoism (Taoism) | founder said to be Laozi- the Old Master, dates back to late 500s BCE (time of Zhou Dynasty), followers seek happiness and wisdom by renouncing worldly ambitions and society, seeking harmony with nature instead | 109 | |
| 11322010495 | Dao De Jing (The Classic Way and the Virtue) | Laozi's disciples and followers gathered the Old Master's ideas | 110 | |
| 11322010496 | Han Fei Zu and Li Si | two philosophers, led Legalism = more concerned with behavior of people than questions of meaning of life, believes in strict laws and punishments to control people, collective responsibility to hold family members accountable to law and turn them in if needed. Had appeal during violence of Qin Dynasty, but after faded. | 111 | |
| 11322010497 | Shihuangdi | title meaning "first emperor" claimed by Qin, who raised his own army to defeat remaining Zhou leaders and conquer nearby authorities, taking control of all of China to establish own brief but violent dynasty 221 BCE-207 BCE, best known for terra-cotta warriors in tomb | 112 | |
| 11322010498 | Han Dynasty | four years after Qin's son took the throne, a Qin general led a revolt, rebels killed royal family and general and his family established this dynasty, lasted over 400 years. | 113 | |
| 11322010499 | Han Wudi | most significant emperor of Han Dynasty (ruled 141-87 BCE), defeated nomadic Xiongnu peoples, relocated landless Chinese farmers to Central Asia in agricultural colonies, introduced civil service exam | 114 | |
| 11322010500 | Pax Sinica | Han Wudi's rule (Han Dynasty), Chinese peace- economy grew, population increased, common people and rich prospered | 115 | |
| 11322010501 | Chang'an | capital and cultural center of Han Empire, eastern end of Silk Roads | 116 | |
| 11322010502 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | one of a series of peasant revolts starting in 126 CE in response to land distribution issues and caused famine, one of the bloodiest conflicts in the world before 1900s, emperor overthrown in 220 CE, Han dynasty ended | 117 | |
| 11322010503 | Moche | major civilization in the Andes after Chavin, 200 BCE-700 CE | 118 | |
| 11322010504 | Huaca del Sol (Temple of the Sun) and Huaca de la Luna (Temple of the Moon) | a stepped pyramid and terraced platform, respectively. Two structures built by Moche people, unfired adobe bricks, Moche built fortified city around these temples | 119 | |
| 11322010505 | ayllus | organization of Moche society= small communities based on idea of communal work, belief that all members share same mythical ancestor | 120 | |
| 11322010506 | Teotihuacan | city, founded around 150 BCE, one of largest cities in the world of its time, orderly growth suggests strong government, main export was obsidian= hard glass rock found in deposits nearby | 121 | |
| 11322010507 | Classic Period | period 250-900 CE, peak of Mayan civilization (which began around 1500 BCE | 122 | |
| 11322010508 | slash-and-burn agriculture | practiced by the Mayans, cutting down trees and plants and burning to create fields, ashes fertilize soil | 123 | |
| 11322010509 | Caracol | observatory located in the Mayan city of _____, built around 1000 CE | 124 |
