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| 13843461937 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. |  | 0 |
| 13843461938 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 1 |
| 13843461939 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 2 |
| 13843461940 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 3 |
| 13843461941 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 4 |
| 13843461942 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). |  | 5 |
| 13843461943 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 6 |
| 13843461944 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 7 |
| 13843461945 | hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. |  | 8 |
| 13843461946 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 9 |
| 13843461947 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 10 | |
| 13843461948 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 11 | |
| 13843461949 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 12 |
| 13843461950 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 13 |
| 13843461951 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 14 |
| 13843461952 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 15 | |
| 13843461953 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 16 | |
| 13843461954 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. |  | 17 |
| 13843461955 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 18 | |
| 13843461956 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 19 | |
| 13843461957 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 20 | |
| 13843461958 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 21 | |
| 13843461959 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | 22 | |
| 13843461960 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | 23 | |
| 13843461961 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 24 | |
| 13843461962 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 25 | |
| 13843461963 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 26 | |
| 13843461964 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 27 |
| 13843461965 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 28 | |
| 13843461966 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 29 | |
| 13843461967 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 30 | |
| 13843461968 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | 31 | |
| 13843461969 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 32 | |
| 13843461970 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 33 |
| 13843461971 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | 34 | |
| 13843461972 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 35 | |
| 13843461973 | Moksha | In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. | 36 | |
| 13843461974 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 37 | |
| 13843461975 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 38 | |
| 13843461976 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 39 | |
| 13843461977 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. | 40 | |
| 13843461978 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 41 | |
| 13843461979 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 42 | |
| 13843461980 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 43 | |
| 13843461981 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. | 44 | |
| 13843461982 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 45 | |
| 13843461983 | caste system | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 46 | |
| 13843461984 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 47 | |
| 13843461985 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 48 | |
| 13843461986 | Kshatriya | The Indian social class of warriors and rulers. | 49 | |
| 13843461987 | latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire | 50 | |
| 13843461988 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 51 | |
| 13843461989 | scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 52 | |
| 13843461990 | Sudra | The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers | 53 | |
| 13843461991 | the "three submissions" | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son. | 54 | |
| 13843461992 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | 55 | |
| 13843461993 | Vaisya | The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants. | 56 | |
| 13843461994 | Axum | Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity. | 57 | |
| 13843461995 | Bantu expansion | Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered. | 58 | |
| 13843461996 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 59 |
