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| 5195829932 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | 0 | |
| 5195829933 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. | 1 | |
| 5195829934 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | 2 | |
| 5195829935 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot. | 3 | |
| 5195829936 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). | 4 | |
| 5195829939 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | 5 | |
| 5195829940 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). | 6 | |
| 5195829941 | Han dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement. | 7 | |
| 5195829942 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 8 | |
| 5195829944 | hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. | 9 | |
| 5195829946 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. | 10 | |
| 5195829948 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 11 | |
| 5195829950 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 12 | |
| 5195829951 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | 13 | |
| 5195829952 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. | 14 | |
| 5195829953 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. | 15 | |
| 5195829954 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 5195829955 | Plebeians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 17 | |
| 5195829957 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. | 18 | |
| 5195829958 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 19 | |
| 5195829962 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. | 20 | |
| 5195829963 | Angra Mainyu | In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda. | 21 | |
| 5195829964 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 22 | |
| 5195829965 | Atman | The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman. | 23 | |
| 5195829967 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 24 | |
| 5195829969 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | 25 | |
| 5195829970 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | 26 | |
| 5195829971 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 27 | |
| 5195829972 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 28 | |
| 5195829973 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 29 | |
| 5195829974 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. | 30 | |
| 5195829976 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 31 | |
| 5195829977 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 32 | |
| 5195829978 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 33 | |
| 5195829979 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 34 | |
| 5195829982 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 35 | |
| 5195829983 | Yahweh | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. | 36 | |
| 5195829984 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. | 37 | |
| 5195829986 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 38 | |
| 5195829989 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 39 | |
| 5195829992 | Saint Paul | The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.). | 40 | |
| 5195829993 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 41 | |
| 5195829994 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 42 | |
| 5195829997 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 43 | |
| 5195829998 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 44 | |
| 5195830000 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 45 | |
| 5195830002 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 46 | |
| 5195830003 | caste as varna and jati | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 47 | |
| 5195830004 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 48 | |
| 5195830006 | karma | In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn. | 49 | |
| 5195830009 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 50 | |
| 5195830011 | scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 51 |
