period 2 notes for the ap world exam.
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| 7719460419 | The Achaemenid Empire | A Persian Empire that was so large that the king had to use regional leaders (satraps) to control the whole area. They had the world's first highway systems. This empire overextended itself and became vulnerable to Alexander the Great's attack. After this, the Parthian Empire emerged and defeated Alexander's empire (after he died). | 0 | |
| 7719460424 | The Phoenicians | They were known for creating the alphabet, their seafaring skills (they established colonies in the Med.), and their lack of use of conquest for power (they used trade). They specialized in luxury goods. | 1 | |
| 7719460425 | The Roman Empire | They built monuments, roads, and aqueducts. They also built military fortresses and constantly fought with those inside (they didn't like being conquered) and outside Rome. The Romans extended their influence by using diplomats and merchants. They promoted, like the Hans, migration of people into their colonies. | 2 | |
| 7719460426 | The Maya | They had math, astronomy, and a writing system. They also built temples like ziggurats, and had irrigation and terracing of hillsides in order for agriculture. Their power was maintained through military coercion, a tribute system, and trade. | 3 | |
| 7719460427 | Teotihuacan | A civilization with a complex government bureaucracy, reservoirs, apartment complexes, and pyramids. The Mayas often traded with or fought them. | 4 | |
| 7719460428 | The Moche | They were controlled by warrior-priests, built pyramids, traded, had irrigation systems, and practiced human sacrifice. | 5 | |
| 7719460429 | The Silk Roads | It was the most extensive land-based route at the time. Goods such as horses, spices, tea, silk, furs, ivory, perfumes, rice, wool, porcelain, sandalwood, camels, almonds, dates, olive oil, cattle, amber, and glass were traded. Buddhism spread across this route greatly, and disease was very influential (eg. the Black Death). | 6 | |
| 7719460430 | The Sub-Saharan Trade Route | Dates, cotton, dyes, cloth, leather, and glass were traded. Islam spread significantly in these areas. When the camel was introduced, trade increased here. | 7 | |
| 7719460431 | The Indian Ocean Trade Route | The largest sea trade route of the time. It diffused Buddhism and Islam greatly. Goods such as silk, cotton, rice, spices, horses, ivory, gold, porcelain and people were traded. When the Arabs mastered the monsoons with their dhows, people could more easily trade. | 8 | |
| 7719460432 | Classical China- The Zhou | 1029 to 258 BCE mandate of heaven dominated after the fall of the Shang centralized Chinese govt expanded territory to Yangtze River Valley fertile rice growing area + already abundant wheat area emperor:Son Of Heaven standardized spoken language | 9 | |
| 7719460433 | Classical China- The Qin | 221-202 BCE civil disorder called Era of the Warring States in Zhou led to takeover of Qin Dynasty Qin applied to county of China expanded southward to Northern Vietnam defensive wall (start of great wall) built weights, measures and coinage standarized common written language standardized manufacture of silk cloth encouraged new roads Emperor Qin took over after the Warring States Period. He implemented legalism, and returned China to dynastic rule. This dynasty didn't last very long though. Both this and the Han were known for their religious toleration, technological system, and government system. | 10 | |
| 7719460434 | Cassical China- The Han | 200 BCE - 220 CE govt bureaucracy grew stronger Territory expanded to Central Asia, Korea, and Indochina Civil service exam SILK ROAD TRADE increased time of peace Chinese traditions reinforced: patriarchy strengthened Govt oversees: Iron production, canals, irrigation systems Further social stratification Improved agriculture Paper made water power mills invented WAY MORE ADVANCED They used the Silk Road for trade; were about as large as the Roman Empire (but more advanced); used diplomacy, trade and military power to expand; and began building the Great Wall of China. They also engaged in canal-digging projects to promote trade. | 11 | |
| 7719460435 | Classical India- Mauryan | Vedic and Epic ages formed basis 600 BCE, northern India divided into 16 states Magadha state most prominent 327 BCE Alexander the Great reached Indian subcontinent 5 years later Mauryan dynasty formed Mauryan rulers unified India Ashoka (Mauryan ruler 269-232 BCE): all of India except southern tip under Mauryan control brutality of conquests later embraced nonviolence ecouraged trade system of roads which connected w/ Silk Roads, he spread Buddhism after his ruling, India divided. Kushans invaded and ruled til 220, then Gupta in 320CE (golden age) This empire stretched from Pakistan to the southern end of India. Their most famous ruler was Ashoka, who was known for converting to a peaceful life of Buddhism after many years of bloody conquest. He ruled in a way that was considered "kind". | 12 | |
| 7719460436 | Classical India- Gupta India | 320 CE Gupta ruler Hindus Caste system and Brahmins reinforced Slavery not widespread b.c caste Buddhism tolerated and limitedly spread Not as centralized as Mauryan Gupta people were the ultimate power-holders Extravagant temples and wall paintings for Hindu gods Sanskrit becomes language of the educated Zero as placeholder Arabic numerals decimal system more trade, especially b/e East and Southeast Asia More patriarchal, women lost property rights, married @ younger ages Sati practiced Medical and Astronomical advancements development of classic Hindu temple Gupta was very impactful on Indian culture This empire covered the northern half of India. It was known for cultural contributions (like the concept of zero, a numbering system, chess, and medical advances) | 13 | |
| 7719460437 | Persia and the Classical World (Persian Empire) | 550 BCE significantly influenced Mediterranian societies Present day Iran Cyrus the Great established an empire encompassing Northern part of SW Asia and a portion of NW India Cultural tolerance of conquered peoples Zoroastrianism: rewards and punishments in the afterlife Spread iron metallurgy active long distance trade linking India SW Asia, and Egypt Persian Royal Road 1600 mile highway link remote parts of empire Trade with Greece influenced art and philosophy of both Greece and Persia | 14 | |
| 7719460438 | American Civilization | The Maya Civilization reached peak at 300 CE "The Greeks of the Americas" b/c of their learning advancements developed a system of writing based on pictographs understood the value of zero as a placeholder studied astronomy calculated the length of the year almost exactly political organization= small city states ruled by kings; lots of internal conflict prisoners were slaves or sacrificed to the gods Teotihuacan: advanced and was a center of long distance trade with coastal people and Mayans Mochica: established cities in central Andes during 1st millennium CE and bulit irrigation systems | 15 | |
| 7719460439 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. |  | 16 |
| 7719460440 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. |  | 17 |
| 7719460441 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 18 |
| 7719460442 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 19 |
| 7719460443 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 20 |
| 7719460444 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. |  | 21 |
| 7719460445 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). |  | 22 |
| 7719460446 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 23 |
| 7719460447 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 24 |
| 7719460448 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 25 |
| 7719460449 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 26 | |
| 7719460450 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 27 |
| 7719460451 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 28 | |
| 7719460452 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | 29 | |
| 7719460453 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. |  | 30 |
| 7719460454 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 31 | |
| 7719460455 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Look at chart to see what he believed in. | 32 | |
| 7719460456 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama. Spread from India to East Asia through the Silk Road. | 33 | |
| 7719460457 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 34 | |
| 7719460458 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 35 | |
| 7719460459 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 36 |
| 7719460460 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 37 | |
| 7719460461 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 38 | |
| 7719460462 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 39 | |
| 7719460463 | Hinduism | Reincarnation, caste-system you were born into for life, polytheistic, India | 40 | |
| 7719460464 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 41 | |
| 7719460465 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 42 | |
| 7719460466 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. Philosopher that had the most impact on western thought. | 43 | |
| 7719460467 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 44 | |
| 7719460468 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 45 | |
| 7719460469 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 46 | |
| 7719460470 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 47 | |
| 7719460471 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 48 | |
| 7719460472 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 49 | |
| 7719460473 | Buddhism vs Hinduism | Buddism did not believe in the caste system while Hinduism did. Hinduism adapted many aspects of Buddhism. Buddism emerged from Hinduism. | 50 |
