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| 7459769403 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | 0 | |
| 7459769404 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 7459769405 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise, and officeholders were chosen by lot. | 2 | |
| 7459769406 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | 3 | |
| 7459769407 | Kushan Empire | A sizable and prosperous empire in the region that now makes up northwestern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. This empire was linked to the Silk Road trading network and featured a blending of Greek, Indian, and Buddhist cultures. | 4 | |
| 7459769408 | Hellenistic Era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia and North Africa in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 5 | |
| 7459769409 | Han Dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement | 6 | |
| 7459769410 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | 7 | |
| 7459769411 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 8 | |
| 7459769412 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor from the Qin" who forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 9 | |
| 7459769413 | Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). | 10 | |
| 7459769414 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | 11 | |
| 7459769416 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra | 12 | |
| 7459769417 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 13 | |
| 7459769418 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 14 | |
| 7459769420 | Greek Rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 15 | |
| 7459769423 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings | 16 | |
| 7459769425 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express his own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 17 | |
| 7459769426 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. | 18 | |
| 7459769427 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 19 | |
| 7459769428 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 20 | |
| 7459769431 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 21 | |
| 7459769432 | Siddhartha Gautama | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 22 | |
| 7459769433 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 23 | |
| 7459769436 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 24 | |
| 7459769437 | Wang Mang | A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. | 25 | |
| 7459769438 | China's scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 26 | |
| 7459769439 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 27 | |
| 7459769440 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 28 | |
| 7459769441 | Empress Wu | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.), she patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. | 29 | |
| 7459769442 | Caste as varna and jati | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India | 30 | |
| 7459769443 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 31 | |
| 7459769444 | Aspasia | A foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) who was famed for her learning and wit. She was the partner of the statesman Pericles, who worked to extend the rights of Athenian citizens. | 32 | |
| 7459769445 | "ritual purity" in Indian social practice | the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. | 33 | |
| 7459769446 | Spartacus | A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.). | 34 | |
| 7459769447 | the "three obediences" | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son. | 35 | |
| 7459769450 | Wari and Tiwanaku | Two states that flourished between 400 and 1000 C.E. in the highlands of modern Bolivia and Peru. At their height, they possessed urban capitals with populations in the tens of thousands and productive agricultural systems. | 36 | |
| 7459769451 | Mound Builders | Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E. | 37 | |
| 7459769452 | Chaco Phenomenon | in what is now northwestern New Mexico; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known) | 38 | |
| 7459769453 | Niger Valley civilization | Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. that included major cities like Jenne-jeno ;particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements | 39 | |
| 7459769455 | Bantu expansion | The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of Bantu-speaking farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered. | 40 | |
| 7459769460 | Teotihuacán | The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico | 41 | |
| 7459769461 | Maya civilization | A major civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E. | 42 |
