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| 9878883736 | Persian Empire | *Definition:* Major empire that expanded over "world" and was the largest, most impressive empire of its time. *Significance:* The largest empire of its time. Assimilated the conquered and allowed freedom of religion. Centralized government that unified everyone. |  | 0 |
| 9878883737 | Athenian Democracy | *Definition:* Direct democracy (limited to wealthy men) instead of representative. *Significance:* First sound democracy that allowed voting collectively on any matters. Moved away from norm and allowed the future civilizations to build off this idea. |  | 1 |
| 9878883738 | Greco-Persian Wars | *Definition:* Ionian greeks revolted against Persia and Persia declared war on all Greeks. Greeks unified to fight back. *Significance:* Since Persians lost, Greeks gained confidence. Won "freedom" in the voting, citizenship of lowerclassmen. West and East divide viewpoint began. Philosophy spread. Civil war from too much pride. |  | 2 |
| 9878883739 | Hellenistic Era | *Definition:* Alexander the Great's expansion of the Greek World. *Significance:* Advancement in science, math, language. Spread of culture and mixing of cultures. Greeks dominate and their ways spread. |  | 3 |
| 9878883740 | Alexander the Great | *Definition:* King of Macedonia, conquered Persian Empire, founded many Greek settlements. *Significance:* Spread Greek culture in ethnic mixing. Encouraged assimilations and advancement in science and new ways of thinking. |  | 4 |
| 9878883741 | Augustus | *Definition:* First emperor of the Roman Empire (Octavian). *Significance:* Maintained senate and people's opinion. Rules as "First man" and for the "power of the Roman people". Kept peace during transition of Republic to Empire. |  | 5 |
| 9878883742 | Pax Romana | *Definition:* "Roman Peace". The stability and prosperity of early Roman Empire. *Significance:* Imperial Rome's greatest extent and authority. "Perfect" era of Rome. Things got done and advancements happened! |  | 6 |
| 9878883743 | Qin Shihuangdi | *Definition:* "The 1st Emperor from Qin". Forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. *Significance:* Regrouping of China to an Empire. 10 years = success. Political success and military success and increase in population. |  | 7 |
| 9878883744 | Trung Trac | *Definition:* Vietnamese nationalist and hero. *Significance:* Raised an Army that drove out Chinese for a short period of time. REVOLUTIONARY! avenged country, Hung lineage, and husband. |  | 8 |
| 9878883745 | Han Dynasty | *Definition:* Centralized government focused on Confucianism and education. *Significance:* The "Golden Age of China". Advanced morals, laws, and education of everyone. Civil Service system, work/jobs/government based on merit of the people. Not on social class. |  | 9 |
| 9878883746 | Mauryan Empire | *Definition:* The first state to unify most of India (1st Empire). *Significance:* Unified India, had large military, and impressive political system. The closest "great empire" like Romans and Chinese as they got. Sought to govern with Religious values and teachings. |  | 10 |
| 9878883747 | Ashoka | *Definition:* Emperor of Mauryan India. *Significance:* Conversion to Buddhism. Governance to be enlightened leader. Sought to govern in accord with religious values and moral teachings. |  | 11 |
| 9878883748 | Kushan Empire | *Definition:* A syncretic empire, formed by Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. *Significance:* Allowed for the great flowering of trans-Eurasian mercantile and cultural exchange along the silk road. Reached into northwest India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan it was a remarkably cosmopolitan place illustrating the mixing and blending of many cultural traditions. | 12 | |
| 9878883785 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. |  | 13 |
| 9878883786 | Confucius (Kong Fuzi) | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history; a philosopher and teacher of ethics. |  | 14 |
| 9878883787 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, as 'the way', the force that moves through all; founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |  | 15 |
| 9878883788 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |  | 16 |
| 9878883789 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. |  | 17 |
| 9878883790 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great who profoundly influenced Western Thought. |  | 18 |
| 9878883791 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. |  | 19 |
| 9878883792 | Buddhism | a religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment |  | 20 |
| 9878883793 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. |  | 21 |
| 9878883794 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. |  | 22 |
| 9878883795 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion. |  | 23 |
| 9878883796 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. |  | 24 |
| 9878883797 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice. |  | 25 |
| 9878883798 | Isaiah | One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.) |  | 26 |
| 9878883799 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. |  | 27 |
| 9878883800 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.) |  | 28 |
| 9878883801 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. |  | 29 |
| 9878883802 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 30 |
| 9878883803 | Paul of Tarsus (Saint Paul) | Early Christian missionary and teacher; along with the Apostle Peter, one of the foremost leaders of the early Christian Church. The New Testament includes his many epistles (letters) to the early Christian communities. |  | 31 |
| 9878883804 | Jesus of Nazareth | The founder of Christianity believed to be the Son of God and Jewish Messiah (Anointed One) by his followers (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.) whose death and resurrection made possible forgiveness of sins. |  | 32 |
| 9878883749 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation, a multiplicity of gods, and the caste system |  | 33 |
| 9878883750 | Monotheism | belief in one God emerging from Judaism and spread by Christianity and Islam over the past 2000 years. |  | 34 |
| 9878883751 | China's Scholar-Gentry Class | lived luxuriously, benefited from wealth and from power and prestige, located in both rural and urban areas, had multi-storied houses, fine silk clothes etc |  | 35 |
| 9878883752 | Wang Mang | a high court official of the Han Dynasty who usurped the emperor's throne in 8 c.e. and immediately launched a series of startling reforms |  | 36 |
| 9878883753 | Ge Hong | person born in an aristocratic family who studied Daoism seeing the disorder and disturbances in Chinese daily life, later held several military positions, yearned for solitary and interior life and spend his latest years thinking about legalism Daoism and Confucianism | 37 | |
| 9878883754 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A peasant revolt starting in 184 c.e. named for the yellow scarves the peasants wore on their head, unifying ideology of Daoism, goal of "Great Peace" a golden age of equality and harmony |  | 38 |
| 9878883755 | Varna | four social classes in India, relating to Caste system |  | 39 |
| 9878883756 | Jati | divisions within the varna, groups of similar people, sub-caste |  | 40 |
| 9878883757 | Ritual Purity | In Indian social practice, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. |  | 41 |
| 9878883758 | Greek and Roman Slavery | In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and piracy (and their descendants), abandoned children, and the victims of long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greeks, household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations. |  | 42 |
| 9878883759 | Spartacus | A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.) |  | 43 |
| 9878883760 | The Three obediences | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son |  | 44 |
| 9878883761 | Patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line, |  | 45 |
| 9878883762 | Empress Wu | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.), Empress Wu patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. |  | 46 |
| 9878883763 | Aspasia | A foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) and partner of the statesman Pericles who was famed for her learning and wit. |  | 47 |
| 9878883764 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age |  | 48 |
| 9878883765 | Helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society |  | 49 |
| 9878883766 | Meroe | Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 300 BCE to 100 CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. Deforestation contributed to its decline. | 50 | |
| 9878883767 | Piye | A Kushite ruler who conquered Egypt, declaring himself the "living image of Axum". He thoroughly assimilated to Egyptian culture, and reluctantly went to war while paying respects to the gods. After becoming master of all of Egypt, he departed. | 51 | |
| 9878883768 | Axum | An African empire located in what is now Eritrea & Ethiopia c. 50 CE that was a naval and trading power; Christianity became the kingdom's religion. Brought down by environmental problems. | 52 | |
| 9878883769 | Niger valley civilization | This civilization formed as people flooded from the Sahara in search of water. It had no complete state structure, and existed in clusters of economically specialized settlements. | 53 | |
| 9878883770 | Maya civilization | A well-known Mesoamerican civilization which led to the concept of zero in mathematics and the most elaborate writing system of the Americas. Many achievements took place without a central authority. The civilization collapsed with completeness, but not uniformity. | 54 | |
| 9878883771 | Teotihuacan | The first major metropolis in Mesoamerica in what is today Mexico; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". | 55 | |
| 9878883772 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of what is today called Peru. | 56 | |
| 9878883773 | Moche | A civilization of the north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. Farmed maize, beans, and squash adopted from Mesoamerica. | 57 | |
| 9878883774 | Wari and Tiwanaku | Interior empires which provided a measure of political integration and cultural commonality for the Andean region, without controlling a continuous band of territory. They differed in economic structure but had no conflicts. | 58 | |
| 9878883775 | Bantu expansion | A major African language family famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. | 59 | |
| 9878883776 | Chaco Phenomenon | Encompassing 25,000 square miles, this linked outlying settlements to a center while maintaining a small population. | 60 | |
| 9878883777 | Mound Builders | Native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places. | 61 | |
| 9878883778 | Cahokia | A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America located near modern St. Louis. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes. | 62 | |
| 9878883779 | Pohnpei | A Micronesian island where a stone and coral urban complex was a ceremonial, administrative and burial center of the Saudeleur dynasty. This demonstrated an example of social complexity | 63 | |
| 9878883780 | Tonga | A Polynesian island displaying social complexity through rulers, known as Tu'i Tonga, and their royal court. They displayed early practice of socialism. | 64 | |
| 9878883781 | mana | A spiritual energy or power, associated primarily with chiefs and demonstrated by success. | 65 | |
| 9878883782 | tapu | To maintain the purity of mana, this concept of ritual restriction or prohibitions elevated someone or something above the ordinary. | 66 | |
| 9878883783 | Yap | An island involving trade of commodities as a set of tributary relationships. Tributes would be given to high-ranking people who would give in return something worth more. The whole system was supported by a fear of sorcery. | 67 |
