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| 10808127484 | Ancestral Pueblo | House built out of sun dried bricks and usually into the side of cliffs. Used in the Americas. They were in the four corners. Built by Anasazi, a people who established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America. | 0 | |
| 10808127485 | Apedemek | Lion-headed warrior deity worshiped by the Meroitic people of Nubia; his popularity shows a turn away from Egyptian cultural influence. | 1 | |
| 10808127486 | "Semi sedentary" | People in North America that farmed in poor soil so they had to move around a lot within their boundaries. | 2 | |
| 10808127487 | Tapu | Making something holy or sacred in Polynesian culture | 3 | |
| 10808127489 | Axum | *Definition:* Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. Relied on highly productive agriculture with plow-based farming; also an African empire with a strong naval and trading force. The empire was brought down due to environmental problems. *Significance:* A part at Adulis and used taxes to gain revenue from other empires. They didn't rely on hoe and digging stick. |  | 4 |
| 10808127490 | Piye | *Definition:* Piye was an ancient Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt who ruled Egypt from 744-714 BC. He ruled from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia, modern-day Sudan. *Significance:* Reunified Egypt and conquered ruler and began to govern/lead war. |  | 5 |
| 10808127491 | Niger Valley Civilization | *Definition:* Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements. *Significance:* Led to the uprising of Jenne-jeno |  | 6 |
| 10808127492 | Maya Civilization | *Definition:* Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Known for the only fully developed written language of the Pre-columbian Americas. *Significance:* Resembled the competing city-states of Mesopotamia and written language. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar (height from 200-900 CE). |  | 7 |
| 10808127493 | Teotihuacan | *Definition:* The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, Teotihuacán flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name Teotihuacán is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods." The first major metropolis in Mesoamerica in what is today Mexico; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". *Significance:* Had long-distance trade which enabled them to live a more luxurious life. |  | 8 |
| 10808127494 | Chavín (pron. cha-BEAN) de Huantar | *Definition:* The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of what is today called Peru. *Significance:* Religious movement within class system of elites; dedicated to jaguar, crocodile, and snake deities that helped to unify coastal and highland Peru. Decline due to famine and drought. |  | 9 |
| 10808127495 | Moche | *Definition:* Important regional civilization of Peru from about 100 C.E. to 800 C.E., governed by warrior-priests. *Significance:* An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. Farmed maize, beans, and squash adopted from Mesoamerica. Elites lived luxuriously, prisoners and poor were sacrificed in rituals. |  | 10 |
| 10808127496 | Wari and Tiwanaku | *Definition:* Civilizations in Andes Mountains before Inca Empire. *Significance:* Almost opposites, the Wari used irrigation for agriculture and Tiwanaku farmed. The Wari depended on the Tiwanaku. |  | 11 |
| 10808127497 | Bantu Expansion | *Definition:* Gradual migration of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. *Significance:* Their ironworking and agricultural techniques gave them an advantage over gathering and hunting peoples. |  | 12 |
| 10808127498 | Chaco Phenomenon | *Definition:* Name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860-1130 C.E. among the peoples of Chaco Canyon, in what is now northwestern New Mexico *Significance:* The society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known). Drought caused people to start depending on agriculture which made a large population develop. |  | 13 |
| 10808127499 | Pohnpei | An island in the Senyavin Islands (part of the larger Caroline Islands group). It belongs to the Pohnpei State, which is one of four states in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Pohnpei has a monopoly of biodiversity. | 14 | |
| 10808127500 | Apedemek (pron. ahPED-eh-mek) | The lion god of classical Meroë; his popularity shows a turn away from Egyptian cultural influence. | 15 | |
| 10808127501 | Coptic Christianity | The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature. | 16 | |
| 10808127502 | Hopewell culture | Named from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound-building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E. | 17 | |
| 10808127503 | Mound Builders | Members of any of a number of cultures that developed in North America east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds that served as elaborate burial places, built during the period 2000 B.C.E. - 1250 C.E. Major city was Cahokia. | 18 | |
| 10808127505 | pueblo | "Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people. | 19 | |
| 10808127506 | "semi-sedentary" | Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting. | 20 | |
| 10808127507 | Meroë | Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 300 BCE to 100 CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. Governed by female and male monarchs. Gained its wealth through long-distance trade.Deforestation contributed to its decline. |  | 21 |
| 10808127508 | Bantu | A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. |  | 22 |
| 10808127509 | Ezana | King who ruled Axum and converted to Christianity in the fourth century CE about the same time as Constantine. Christianity persists in the region down to today. |  | 23 |
| 10808127510 | Jenne-jeno | One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions. Niger Valley civilization. |  | 24 |
| 10808127511 | Batwa | Forest-dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies." |  | 25 |
| 10808127513 | Continuous Revelation | A Bantu notion of religious belief in which, contrary to the Bible or the Muslim Quran, the people believed in the possibility of constantly receiving new messages from the world beyond. | 26 | |
| 10808127514 | Mesoamerican Agriculture | Agriculture in Central American primarily focused around maize, beans, chili peppers, and squash. |  | 27 |
| 10808127515 | Mesoamerican Trade | Back as far as the Olmecs, Central America peoples traded things like jade, serpentine, obsidian tools, ceramic pottery, shell ornaments, stingray spines, and turtle shells. |  | 28 |
| 10808127516 | Maya Writing | The Mayans wrote on stone, bark paper, and on deerskin. |  | 29 |
| 10808127517 | Tikal | The largest ancient Mayan city in the northern part of what is today Guatemala; traded items were jade, gold, shells, feathers, and cacao (as well as food like maize, beans, and squash). Built in 9th century C.E. Population was roughly 50,000. |  | 30 |
| 10808127518 | Monte Alban | A major Zapotec city; engaged in diplomacy with Teotihuacan. |  | 31 |
| 10808127519 | Lords of Sipan | A gravesite was discovered of Moche leaders dating to about 290 CE. Archaeologists referred to them as this. |  | 32 |
| 10808127520 | Tiwanaku | Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). |  | 33 |
| 10808127521 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest of the US (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado; they built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. |  | 34 |
| 10808127522 | Pueblo Bonito | Important great house in Chaco canyon; trade networks linked together various pueblos that traded things like buffalo hides, copper, turquoise, seashells, macaw feathers, and coiled baskets. |  | 35 |
| 10808127523 | Cahokia | The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E. It produced staples for urban consumers, and in return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes. |  | 36 |
| 10808127524 | Tonga | Tonga is a Polynesian kingdom of more than 170 South Pacific islands, many uninhabited, most lined in white beaches and coral reefs and covered with tropical rainforest. | 37 | |
| 10808127525 | Mana and Tapu | Mana is a foundation of the Polynesian worldview, a spiritual quality with a supernatural origin and a sacred, impersonal force. To have mana implies influence, authority, and efficacy—the ability to perform in a given situation. | 38 | |
| 10808127526 | Yap | Yap is an island in the Federated States of Micronesia, in the Pacific Ocean. It's ringed by coral reefs that are home to manta rays and sharks. Huge pieces of ancient stone money and traditional thatch-roofed meeting houses dot villages like Kaday and Wanyan. | 39 | |
| 10808127527 | China's scholar-gentry class | lived luxuriously, benefited from wealth and from power and prestige, located in both rural and urban areas, had multi-storied houses, fine silk clothes etc |  | 40 |
| 10808127528 | Wang Mang | a high court official of the Han Dynasty who usurped the emperor's throne in 8 c.e. and immediately launched a series of startling reforms, such as redistributing land and providing financial assistance to peasants. |  | 41 |
| 10808127529 | Ge Hong | person born in an aristocratic family who studied Daoism seeing the disorder and disturbances in Chinese daily life, later held several military positions, yearned for solitary and interior life and spend his latest years thinking about legalism Daoism and Confucianism | 42 | |
| 10808127530 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A peasant revolt starting in 184 c.e. named for the yellow scarves the peasants wore on their head, unifying ideology of Daoism, goal of "Great Peace" a golden age of equality and harmony; the revolt was sparked by landlessness and poverty. |  | 43 |
| 10808127531 | Varna | four social classes in India, relating to Caste system |  | 44 |
| 10808127532 | Jati | divisions within the varna, groups of similar people, sub-caste |  | 45 |
| 10808127533 | Ritual Purity | In Indian social practice, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. |  | 46 |
| 10808127534 | Greek and Roman Slavery | In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and piracy (and their descendants), abandoned children, and the victims of long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greeks, household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations. The Greco-Roman world relied more heavily on slaves than eastern civilizations did. |  | 47 |
| 10808127535 | Spartacus | A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.) |  | 48 |
| 10808127536 | The Three Obediences | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son |  | 49 |
| 10808127537 | Patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. Patriarchy became stronger and more entrenched in ancient civilizations as those civilizations grew more powerful. |  | 50 |
| 10808127538 | Empress Wu | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.), Empress Wu patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. |  | 51 |
| 10808127539 | Aspasia | A foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) and partner of the statesman Pericles who was famed for her learning and wit. |  | 52 |
| 10808127540 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age |  | 53 |
| 10808127541 | Helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society |  | 54 |
| 10808127542 | Ban Zhao | A Chinese woman writer and court official (45-116 C.E.) whose work provides valuable insight on the position of women in classical China. | 55 | |
| 10808127543 | Brahmins | The Indian social class of priests. | 56 | |
| 10808127544 | Varna and jati | The caste system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes (varna), with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation( jatis), which became the main cell of social life in India. | 57 | |
| 10808127545 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 58 | |
| 10808127546 | karma | In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn. | 59 | |
| 10808127547 | Kshatriya | The Indian social class of warriors and rulers. | 60 | |
| 10808127548 | latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire | 61 | |
| 10808127549 | scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 62 | |
| 10808127550 | Sudra | The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters. The varna eventually included peasant farmers. | 63 | |
| 10808127551 | untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | 64 | |
| 10808127552 | Vaisya | The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants. | 65 | |
| 10808127553 | Wu, Empress | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.), patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. | 66 | |
| 10808127554 | Wudi | The Chinese emperor (r. 141-87 B.C.E.) who started the Chinese civil service system with the establishment in 124 B.C.E. of an imperial academy for future officials. | 67 | |
| 10808127555 | Role of women in Athens | 1. In charge of domestic duties of the home 2. Did not receive formal education 3. Expected to stay separate from men inside the home 4. Forbidden to buy or sell land |  | 68 |
| 10808127556 | Compared to Athenian women, Spartan women | Exercised more authority in the household because men were often away at war | 69 | |
| 10808127557 | Gender issues in China | 1. Became more patriarchal in during Han Dynasty 2. Yang (masculine) vs. yin (feminine) justified view that female inferiority was permanent |  | 70 |
| 10808127558 | Gender roles in rural vs. urban areas | Restrictions on women were far sharper in urban-based civilizations than in those pastoral or agricultural societies that lay beyond the reach of cities and empires. | 71 | |
| 10808127634 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. |  | 72 |
| 10808127635 | Confucius (Kong Fuzi) | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. Chinese philosopher who promoted a system of social and political ethics emphasizing order, moderation, and reciprocity between superiors and subordinates |  | 73 |
| 10808127636 | Ban Zhao | A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women. |  | 74 |
| 10808127637 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |  | 75 |
| 10808127638 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |  | 76 |
| 10808127639 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. |  | 77 |
| 10808127640 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. |  | 78 |
| 10808127641 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. |  | 79 |
| 10808127642 | Buddhism | a religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment |  | 80 |
| 10808127643 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. |  | 81 |
| 10808127644 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. |  | 82 |
| 10808127645 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion. |  | 83 |
| 10808127646 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. |  | 84 |
| 10808127647 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. |  | 85 |
| 10808127648 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. |  | 86 |
| 10808127649 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice. |  | 87 |
| 10808127650 | Isaiah | One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.) |  | 88 |
| 10808127651 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. |  | 89 |
| 10808127652 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.) |  | 90 |
| 10808127653 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. |  | 91 |
| 10808127654 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 92 |
| 10808127655 | Paul of Tarsus (Saint Paul) | The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.) |  | 93 |
| 10808127559 | Church of the East | Planted churches in Syria and Persia that were distinct in theology and practice from the Roman Church |  | 94 |
| 10808127560 | Perpetua | Christian martyr (one who was killed for their beliefs) from Carthage. Educated and wealthy, she died being fed to leopards. |  | 95 |
| 10808127656 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.). |  | 96 |
| 10808127657 | Theodosius | Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals. |  | 97 |
| 10808127561 | Confucianism | the ethical system of Confucius, emphasizing moral order, the humanity and virtue of China's ancient rulers, and gentlemanly education | 98 | |
| 10808127562 | Daoism | A principal philosophy and system of religion of China that is based on writings attributed to Lao Tzu, advocates conforming one's behavior and appreciation of nature. | 99 | |
| 10808127563 | Laozi | ancient Chinese philosopher and writer and the founder of philosophical Taoism | 100 | |
| 10808127564 | Upanishads | a part of the Vedas, are ancient Sanskrit texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts and ideas of Hinduism | 101 | |
| 10808127565 | Hinduism | a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia. Has no single founder, no single scripture, and no commonly agreed set of teachings. | 102 | |
| 10808127566 | Siddhartha Gautama | was born in the sixth century B.C. in what is now modern Nepal. Known as the Buddha, he is the founder of Buddhism. | 103 | |
| 10808127567 | Zoroastrianism | a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century BC. | 104 | |
| 10808127568 | Judaism | is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text. It encompasses the religion, philosophy and culture of the Jewish people. | 105 | |
| 10808127569 | Christianity | Is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ believed to be the son of God. World's largest faith. | 106 | |
| 10808127570 | Islam | is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one incomparable God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. | 107 | |
| 10808127571 | Abraham | Common patriarch of the three major monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | 108 | |
| 10808127572 | Jesus of Nazareth | Born in 4 CE and referred to by Christians as Jesus Christ, he was a Jewish preacher, carpenter and religious leader. Believed by Christians to be the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament. | 109 | |
| 10808127573 | 5 Relationships | According to Confucianism the smooth functioning of government and society rested on five key relationships: father-son, ruler-subject, eldest son-younger son, husband-wife, friend to friend. | 110 | |
| 10808127574 | Filial Piety | In Confucian philosophy it's a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. | 111 | |
| 10808127575 | Yellow Turbans | Daoist rebellion to overthrow the Han dynasty. | 112 | |
| 10808127576 | Buddhism | is a moral philosophy and sect of hinduism began by Siddhartha Gautama and is based on the 4 noble truths and 8 fold path | 113 | |
| 10808127577 | Vedas | are a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed in Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. | 114 | |
| 10808127578 | Caste System | groups assigned by birth not personality to create social order and a hierarchy in Hinduism. Based on the concepts of dharma, karama and reincarnation. | 115 | |
| 10808127579 | Brahmins | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. | 116 | |
| 10808127580 | Samsara/reincarnation | belief that the soul is eternal and lives many lifetimes, in one body after another and that all life is sacred. Linked to the caste system. | 117 | |
| 10808127581 | Karma | the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existence | 118 | |
| 10808127582 | Enlightenment | The release from samsara in Hinduism | 119 | |
| 10808127583 | Nirvana | a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism. | 120 | |
| 10808127584 | Theravada/Mahayana | Sects of Buddhism | 121 | |
| 10808127585 | Bhagavad Gita | is a 700 verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu scripture. | 122 | |
| 10808127586 | Palestine | The Land promised to the Hebrew people as part of the covenant with God. | 123 | |
| 10808127587 | Ten Commandments | Moral code of behavior revealed to Moses by God. | 124 | |
| 10808127588 | Yahweh | a form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. | 125 | |
| 10808127589 | Five Pillars | The tenants of which the Islamic religion is based on. Moral and religious code. | 126 | |
| 10808127590 | Ramadan | s the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief | 127 | |
| 10808127591 | Muhammad | Believed by Muslims to be the final messenger and prophet sent by God. | 128 | |
| 10808127592 | Hajj | an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city for Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime | 129 | |
| 10808127593 | Isaac and Ishmael | sons of Abraham. Jews trace their lineage through Isaac and Arabs through Ishmael. | 130 | |
| 10808127594 | Muslims | people that practice the islamic religion | 131 | |
| 10808127595 | Absolute Monarchs | One ruler. Absolute control. They had the belief that their right to rule was ordained by a higher power. | 132 | |
| 10808127658 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. | 133 | |
| 10808127659 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon in northern Greece, conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwestern India. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East | 134 | |
| 10808127596 | Aristocrat | the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices. | 135 | |
| 10808127660 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization | 136 | |
| 10808127661 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler and military leader of the Mauryan empire; he converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. He tried to make the rest of the empire Buddhist. | 137 | |
| 10808127597 | Athens | powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture | 138 | |
| 10808127662 | Athenian Democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot. | 139 | |
| 10808127598 | Bureaucracy | Appointed officials to support the monarch or emperor | 140 | |
| 10808127663 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war. First Roman emperor, reformer, patron of arts and literature. | 141 | |
| 10808127599 | City-state | a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. | 142 | |
| 10808127600 | Classical Period | 600 BCE to 600 CE. Three major empires - Rome, China, India and deals with the trade between them. | 143 | |
| 10808127601 | Consul | one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic. | 144 | |
| 10808127664 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire; a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. | 145 | |
| 10808127602 | Empire | an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, | 146 | |
| 10808127665 | Darius I | Great king of Persia; following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. | 147 | |
| 10808127603 | Dynasty | family rule | 148 | |
| 10808127604 | First Philosophers: Aristotle, Plato, Socrates: | Philosophers known for using reasoning and questioning to make sense out of the world in a nonreligious way. | 149 | |
| 10808127666 | Greco Persian War | Two major Persian invasions of Greece taking place over roughly 50 years, in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time. The Greek triumph ensured the survival of Greek culture and political structures, and led to the Greek Golden Age. | 150 | |
| 10808127667 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E). | 151 | |
| 10808127668 | Han Dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China, creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building acheivement. | 152 | |
| 10808127669 | Hellenistic Era | The period in which Greek culture spread widely into Eurasia after the conquests of Alexander the Great and in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 153 | |
| 10808127670 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history". His histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West. | 154 | |
| 10808127671 | Hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. | 155 | |
| 10808127672 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. | 156 | |
| 10808127605 | Kushan Empire | Greco-Buddhist nomads that formed a syncretic empire in Central Asia, and maintained the Silk Road; one of the first emerging territories in Bactria. | 157 | |
| 10808127606 | Macedonia | the ancient kingdom of Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans north of Greece. | 158 | |
| 10808127673 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chineese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of a divine force as long as he ruled benevolently and morally. | 159 | |
| 10808127674 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. | 160 | |
| 10808127675 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire that encompassed most of India. | 161 | |
| 10808127676 | Olympic Games | Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; celebrated every four years. | 162 | |
| 10808127677 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman Society. | 163 | |
| 10808127678 | Pax romana | The "Roman Peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire. | 164 | |
| 10808127679 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens and Sparta. The conflict resulted in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's golden age, but also decline of Sparta and opens the door for Macedonia to conquer. | 165 | |
| 10808127680 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. | 166 | |
| 10808127681 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau in present-day Iran to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India. Lasted from 550 BCE to 330 BCE | 167 | |
| 10808127682 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 168 | |
| 10808127607 | Polis | Greek word for politics or an ancient greek city-state | 169 | |
| 10808127683 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean | 170 | |
| 10808127684 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. It was the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and unified the people. However, the empire was characterized by harsh rule. | 171 | |
| 10808127685 | Qin Shihuangdi | Founder of the Qin Dynasty and emperor that forcibly reunited China while establishing a strong and repressive state. Made it a legalist society and kept total control through harsh rule. Also unified China through measurements and weights. | 172 | |
| 10808127608 | Roman Empire | An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in 395 BCE and fell in 476 BCE | 173 | |
| 10808127609 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 174 | |
| 10808127610 | Senate | A council whose members were the Patricians. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire | 175 | |
| 10808127686 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker whose reforms led the Athenians towards democracy. | 176 | |
| 10808127611 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, encourage a powerful army that influenced Greece | 177 | |
| 10808127687 | Wudi | Han emperor that began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 178 | |
| 10808127688 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | 179 | |
| 10808127689 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. | 180 | |
| 10808127612 | Zhou Dynasty | Decentralized dynasty. Created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. | 181 | |
| 10808127613 | Trung Trac | Heroines of the first Vietnamese independence movement, who headed a rebellion against the Chinese Han-dynasty overlords and briefly established an autonomous state. | 182 | |
| 10808127614 | Pax Romana | Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of culture/ideas | 183 | |
| 10808127615 | Julius Caesar | Was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. | 184 | |
| 10808127616 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their region | 185 | |
| 10808127617 | Great Wall of China | Protective wall started under the Qin dynasty to keep the northern nomads out of China. | 186 | |
| 10808127618 | Confucianism | is often characterized as a system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion. | 187 | |
| 10808127619 | Wudi | Emperor of Han Dynasty. Made Confucianism a state religion. | 188 | |
| 10808127620 | Nomads | People of a moving community. | 189 | |
| 10808127621 | Mauryan India | 550 to 256 BCE. Expands the Indian empire and unifies it through military, trade and communication. Centralized under Chandragupta and Ashoka | 190 | |
| 10808127622 | Gupta India | 100 to 556 CE. Decentralized rule in India. | 191 | |
| 10808127623 | Ganges River | Spiritual river to the Hindu people. Where the Aryan people settle when they migrate into India. | 192 | |
| 10808127624 | Centralized | Rule under one central authority. | 193 | |
| 10808127625 | Decentralized | Rule under many. Usually regional. | 194 | |
| 10808127626 | Silk Trade Route | Overland trade route that extends from China to Europe. Silk, paper and porcelain traded out of CHina. | 195 |
