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| 10864658024 | Alexander the Great | Son of Philip of Macedonia; a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty; had a huge empire, but was short-lived (356-323 B.C.E.). Conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. |  | 0 |
| 10864658026 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent. The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 1 |
| 10864658029 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 2 |
| 10864658031 | Gupta Empire | Succeded the Kushans in 3rd cen BCE, built an empire that extended to all but southern regions of Indian suc-continent. Less centralized that Mauryan empire, committed to reasserting Brahman's dominance. |  | 3 |
| 10864658032 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin and restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 4 |
| 10864658037 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 5 |
| 10864658042 | Peloponnesian War | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE, between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 6 |
| 10864658046 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean. Culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | 7 | |
| 10864658047 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period, following the decline of the Zhou dynasty. |  | 8 |
| 10864658057 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 9 | |
| 10864658058 | Confucianism | Also known as Knog Fuzi; major Chinese Philosopher born 6th cen BCE; Author of Analects; Philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the Shi(=gentalmen) stressed hierarchy, love of wisdom, system of ethics, respect for customs. | 10 | |
| 10864658060 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe; established second capital at Constantinople. |  | 11 |
| 10864658062 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy advocating humility and religious piety. Also, simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 12 | |
| 10864658063 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 13 | |
| 10864658065 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 14 | |
| 10864658071 | Legalism | Excessive adherence to law or formula; in favor of an authoritarian state that ruled by force. | 15 | |
| 10864658074 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. State of enlightenment or tranquility. | 16 | |
| 10864658078 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 17 | |
| 10864658085 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song". | 18 | |
| 10864658102 | monasticism | The lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude | 19 | |
| 10864665106 | Shi Huangdi (Qin Dynasty) | founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE | 20 | |
| 10864669774 | Zhou Dynasty | Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; over threw the Shang ans established second historical Chinese dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 BCE | 21 | |
| 10864677312 | Mauryan Dynasty | Dynasty established in Idian subcontinent in 4th cen BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great | 22 | |
| 10864682109 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization | 23 | |
| 10864682845 | Gupta dynasty | Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire. | 24 | |
| 10864683413 | Brahmans | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. | 25 | |
| 10864683988 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. | 26 | |
| 10864684508 | Persian Wars | A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that happened in 499 BC. | 27 | |
| 10864684509 | Polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 28 | |
| 10864685181 | Hellenism | The culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 29 | |
| 10864685709 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 30 | |
| 10864686308 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 31 | |
| 10864686996 | Twelve Tables | The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law. Intended to restrain the upper classes from arbitrary action and to subject them to some common legal principles. | 32 | |
| 10864686997 | Maya | Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion | 33 | |
| 10864687578 | Teotihuacan | Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000 | 34 | |
| 10864687931 | Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. | 35 | |
| 10864688492 | Yellow Turban Revolt | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. | 36 | |
| 10864758713 | Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. Found enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. | 37 |
