Terms : Hide Images
| 5353343890 | Sufism | school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism. | 0 | |
| 5353343891 | Acculturation | the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people | 1 | |
| 5353343894 | Ali | The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph | 2 | |
| 5353343895 | Allah | God's name in Islam. Muslim God. | 3 | |
| 5353343896 | Anasazi | Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States. A native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona | 4 | |
| 5353343897 | astrolabe | an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant | 5 | |
| 5353343899 | Avignon | In France, Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century | 6 | |
| 5353343900 | Aztec Empire | powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico) | 7 | |
| 5353343901 | bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto, a powerful Japanese clan in 1185 | 8 | |
| 5353343902 | Battle of Tours | (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain | 9 | |
| 5353343903 | Bedouins | Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region | 10 | |
| 5353343904 | benefice | A landed estate granted in feudal tenure. | 11 | |
| 5353343905 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople | 12 | |
| 5353343906 | caliph | Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam | 13 | |
| 5353343907 | calligraphy | writing art form | 14 | |
| 5353343908 | Calpulli | Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 15 | |
| 5353343909 | celadon | Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze | 16 | |
| 5353343910 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814) Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive. | 17 | |
| 5353343911 | chinampas | known as floating gardens, small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico | 18 | |
| 5353343914 | civil service exam | Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed. | 19 | |
| 5353343917 | Conservative | Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform | 20 | |
| 5353343919 | Cuzco | capital city of the Incan Empire | 21 | |
| 5353343920 | daimyo | Warlord rulers who divided Japan into 300 little kingdoms | 22 | |
| 5353343921 | dome | a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere | 23 | |
| 5353343923 | excommunication | banishment from certain religion & Church | 24 | |
| 5353343924 | feudalism | The social organization; created by exchanging grants of lands or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service. A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service. Typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages. | 25 | |
| 5353343926 | fiefs | Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms | 26 | |
| 5353343928 | Five Pillars of Islam | obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage) | 27 | |
| 5353343929 | footbinding | Chinese custom of binding women's feet. They preferred small feet. 700 Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China. | 28 | |
| 5353343931 | Genghis Khan | (1170s - 1227) from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions. successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368) | 29 | |
| 5353343932 | Golden Horde | one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia. a state established in Russia, one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire | 30 | |
| 5353343933 | Gothic architecture | A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches | 31 | |
| 5353343935 | Greek Orthodox Church | The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church | 32 | |
| 5353343936 | Hadith | Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women | 33 | |
| 5353343937 | Hagia Sophia | large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian | 34 | |
| 5353343938 | hajj | Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca | 35 | |
| 5353343939 | Hanseatic League | association of trading cities; improved business techniques as it dominated trade of Northern Europe. | 36 | |
| 5353343941 | Heresies | any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion | 37 | |
| 5353343942 | High Renaissance | later period of the Renaissance/ Italy / big, Hellenistic influence | 38 | |
| 5353343943 | hijrah | Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina | 39 | |
| 5353343944 | Holy Roman Empire | Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, ruled the feudal monarchy that encompassed much of western Europe. | 40 | |
| 5353343946 | Hundred Years' War | (1337 - 1453) conflict between England and France -fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states) | 41 | |
| 5353343947 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities | 42 | |
| 5353343948 | ideographic | A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words | 43 | |
| 5353343949 | Inca | A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest | 44 | |
| 5353343952 | Islam | Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 45 | |
| 5353343954 | jihad | is an Arabic word meaning " striving in the way of God", but it is often translated as "holy war". Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah | 46 | |
| 5353343955 | junk | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 47 | |
| 5353343956 | Justinian Code | Compilation of Roman law | 48 | |
| 5353343957 | Ka'aba | Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes | 49 | |
| 5353343958 | Khan | Mongol ruler | 50 | |
| 5353343959 | khanates | region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire | 51 | |
| 5353343960 | Khazars | nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire | 52 | |
| 5353343961 | Kievan Russia | early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev | 53 | |
| 5353343962 | Kilwa | Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop | 54 | |
| 5353343965 | Kublai Khan | Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 | 55 | |
| 5353343966 | landscape painting | Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty | 56 | |
| 5353343967 | Li Tai-Po | Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon | 57 | |
| 5353343968 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter (Magna Carta) that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes, etc, limited king's power | 58 | |
| 5353343970 | Mali | Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, Mali formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu. | 59 | |
| 5353343971 | Mali Empire | model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa | 60 | |
| 5353343972 | manorialism | Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land | 61 | |
| 5353343973 | Manors | The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe | 62 | |
| 5353343974 | Mansa Musa | African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly | 63 | |
| 5353343975 | Marco Polo | A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan | 64 | |
| 5353343976 | mawali | non-arab converts to Islam | 65 | |
| 5353343977 | Maya | Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion. A native American group of people that lived in Central America | 66 | |
| 5353343979 | Mecca | The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go. Religious Center of Islam, where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad | 67 | |
| 5353343980 | medieval | relating to the Middle Ages | 68 | |
| 5353343981 | Medina | Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war | 69 | |
| 5353343982 | Medina (the Hegira) | Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet | 70 | |
| 5353343983 | Mesoamerica | Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus | 71 | |
| 5353343984 | Mexica | aka Aztecs | 72 | |
| 5353343985 | Middle Ages | Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants. | 73 | |
| 5353343987 | minaret | A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer | 74 | |
| 5353343990 | mita | Mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. During the Inca empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of road and military services | 75 | |
| 5353343991 | Mohammed | Last prophet of God; founder of Islam | 76 | |
| 5353343993 | moldboard plow | plow invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming effeciency | 77 | |
| 5353343995 | Pax Mongolica | Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions | 78 | |
| 5353343997 | Montezuma | emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish | 79 | |
| 5353343999 | moundsbuilders | in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt | 80 | |
| 5353344000 | movable type | invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century | 81 | |
| 5353344002 | Muslims | People who believe and follow the Islamic religion | 82 | |
| 5353344003 | Neo-Confucianism | a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism | 83 | |
| 5353344006 | Olmec | "BIG HEAD PEOPLE". Was the basis for Mesoamerican traditions (Aztec, Maya, etc. ) | 84 | |
| 5353344008 | Orthodox Christianity | Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church | 85 | |
| 5353344009 | Otto the Great | King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor | 86 | |
| 5353344010 | Parliament | Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body | 87 | |
| 5353344011 | parliamentary system | representative government led by a prime minister | 88 | |
| 5353344012 | Peasant | Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented | 89 | |
| 5353344015 | plantation system | The use of cotton gins and slaves for production | 90 | |
| 5353344017 | Pope Innocent III | Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church's land and distributed among vassals | 91 | |
| 5353344019 | Prince Shotoku | Prince of Japan. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system), promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks | 92 | |
| 5353344021 | Quechua | the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile | 93 | |
| 5353344023 | quipu | A record-keeping device of the Inca empire used for accounting purposes. | 94 | |
| 5353344024 | Qur'an | the holy book of Islam... recitations of revelations received by Muhammad | 95 | |
| 5353344025 | Ramadan | Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset | 96 | |
| 5353344026 | Romanesque | A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction | 97 | |
| 5353344028 | Russian Orthodox Church | conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue | 98 | |
| 5353344029 | samurai | Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights. Warrior class, top during Shogunate | 99 | |
| 5353344030 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach/ based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems | 100 | |
| 5353344031 | sectarian strife | violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt. | 101 | |
| 5353344032 | Seljuk Turks | major branch of the Oghuz turks, ruled parts of central asia and middle east | 102 | |
| 5353344034 | seppuku | ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor | 103 | |
| 5353344035 | serfdom | A person in bondage or servitude | 104 | |
| 5353344036 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 105 | |
| 5353344037 | Sharia | Islamic Law | 106 | |
| 5353344038 | Shogun | military leaders of the bakufu | 107 | |
| 5353344039 | Shogunate (bakufu) | military government in 12th century Japan. Established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars. Retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai. | 108 | |
| 5353344042 | Sofala | Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa | 109 | |
| 5353344043 | Song | Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes | 110 | |
| 5353344044 | Songhay Empire | successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets | 111 | |
| 5353344046 | St. Cyril | a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity. Responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic | 112 | |
| 5353344047 | steppe diplomacy | institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it | 113 | |
| 5353344048 | steppes | a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia | 114 | |
| 5353344049 | Sufis | mystics within Islam... responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia | 115 | |
| 5353344051 | Sundiata | "Lion prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260 | 116 | |
| 5353344052 | Sunni versus Shiite | Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom. | 117 | |
| 5353344053 | Swahili | A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique | 118 | |
| 5353344055 | Taika Reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor...also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 119 | |
| 5353344057 | Temple of the Sun | Inca Religious center located at Cuzco | 120 | |
| 5353344058 | Tenochtitlan | center of Aztec power, founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco | 121 | |
| 5353344059 | Teotihuacan | Calzada de los Muertos = "The Avenue of the Dead" | 122 | |
| 5353344062 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 123 | |
| 5353344063 | Thousand and One Nights | Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic | 124 | |
| 5353344064 | Tikal | A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest | 125 | |
| 5353344065 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River | 126 | |
| 5353344066 | Timur Lang | leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad | 127 | |
| 5353344068 | Toltec | a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century | 128 | |
| 5353344070 | tribute | payments to the leaders/owners of the land | 129 | |
| 5353344071 | Tula | capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE | 130 | |
| 5353344072 | ulama | An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira) | 131 | |
| 5353344073 | umma | religious leaders - traditional leanings in Islamic Empire | 132 | |
| 5353344074 | vassals | community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity | 133 | |
| 5353344076 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders; were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe | 134 | |
| 5353344078 | Vladimir | one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord | 135 | |
| 5353344080 | William the Conquerer | A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it | 136 | |
| 5353344081 | woodblock printing | It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries | 137 | |
| 5353344082 | Wu Zhao | Empress in China during Tang Dynasty; supported Buddhism | 138 | |
| 5353344083 | Yuan dynasty | 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China | 139 | |
| 5353344084 | zakat | obligatory tax for Muslims used for charity | 140 | |
| 5353344085 | Zimbabwe | country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass | 141 | |
| 5353344086 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs | 142 | |
| 5353344087 | Abu Bakr | (632-634 C.E.) The first caliph/ successor of Muhammad | 143 | |
| 5353344090 | aristocracy | The upper, noble and rich class | 144 | |
| 5353344091 | Ashikaga Shogunate | a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family; most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga | 145 | |
| 5353344096 | Caliphate | Political and religious successors to Muhammad | 146 | |
| 5353344097 | Carolingian dynasty | (8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne | 147 | |
| 5353344098 | Charles Martel | Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.) | 148 | |
| 5353344099 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires | 149 | |
| 5353344100 | Chichen Itza | Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E) | 150 | |
| 5353344101 | Code of Bushido | (Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status | 151 | |
| 5353344102 | code of chivalry | Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.' | 152 | |
| 5353344103 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms) | 153 | |
| 5353344104 | Czar | male monarch/emperor of Russia | 154 | |
| 5353344105 | Daimyo | warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate | 155 | |
| 5353344106 | Delhi Shogunate | various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526 | 156 | |
| 5353344108 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204 | 157 | |
| 5353344109 | Emperor Xuanzong | (reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion | 158 | |
| 5353344116 | Northern Renaissance | spread to Nothern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses | 159 | |
| 5353344117 | Osman I | 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | 160 | |
| 5353344121 | secular | Not bound by any religious faction | 161 | |
| 5353344122 | sultan | Islamic title, used for rulers of the Muslim country. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate. | 162 | |
| 5353344123 | unification | The joining of two or more groups | 163 | |
| 5353344124 | unprecedented | Lacking previous experience of the sort | 164 | |
| 5353344126 | Mamluks | Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire | 165 | |
| 5353344128 | Ming dynasty | ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type | 166 | |
| 5353344130 | Dome of the Rock | Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven | 167 | |
| 5353344131 | iconoclastic controversy | religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons | 168 | |
| 5353344132 | uji | An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira) | 169 | |
| 5353344135 | mosque | A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith | 170 | |
| 5353344137 | Andean societies | developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. | 171 | |
| 5353344139 | harem | living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household | 172 |
