The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 11615112618 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 11615112619 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 11615112620 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 11615112621 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 11615112622 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 11615112623 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 11615112624 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 11615112625 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 11615112626 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 11615112627 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 11615112628 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 11615112629 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 11615112630 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 11615112631 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 11615112632 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 11615112633 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 11615112634 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 11615112635 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 11615112636 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 11615112637 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 11615112638 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 11615112639 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 11615112640 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 22 | |
| 11615112641 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 23 | |
| 11615112645 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 24 | |
| 11615112646 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 25 | |
| 11615112647 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 26 | |
| 11615112648 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 27 | |
| 11615112649 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 28 | |
| 11615112650 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 29 | |
| 11615112651 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 30 | |
| 11615112652 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 31 | |
| 11615112653 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 32 | |
| 11615112654 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 33 | |
| 11615112655 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 34 | |
| 11615112656 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 35 | |
| 11615112657 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 36 | |
| 11615112658 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 37 | |
| 11615112659 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 38 | |
| 11615112660 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 39 | |
| 11615112661 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 40 | |
| 11615112662 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 41 | |
| 11615112663 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 42 | |
| 11615112664 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 43 | |
| 11615112722 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 44 | |
| 11615112725 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 45 | |
| 11615112740 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 46 | |
| 11615112729 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 47 | |
| 11615112730 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 48 |
| 11615112731 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 49 | |
| 11615112741 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 50 | |
| 11615112734 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 51 | |
| 11615112735 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 52 | |
| 11615112742 | Bantu Migrations |  | 53 |
