The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 8234424920 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammad and the center of Islam | 0 | |
| 8234424921 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 1 | |
| 8234424922 | Muhammad | prophet of Allah; founder of Islam | 2 | |
| 8234424923 | Qur'an | the holy book of Islam | 3 | |
| 8234424924 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 4 | |
| 8234424925 | Caliph | head of the Islamic community | 5 | |
| 8234424926 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 6 | |
| 8234424927 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 7 | |
| 8234424928 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 8 | |
| 8234424929 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 9 | |
| 8234424930 | Chinggis or Ghengis Khan | Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 10 | |
| 8234424931 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 11 | |
| 8234424932 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 12 | |
| 8234424933 | Songhay Empire | successor state to Mali;part of the Trans-Saharan Gold and Salt Trade | 13 | |
| 8234424934 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted to stop the use of images in the Christian Church | 14 | |
| 8234424935 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 15 | |
| 8234424936 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 16 | |
| 8234424937 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial or feudal system | 17 | |
| 8234424938 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established Frank empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 18 | |
| 8234424939 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 19 | |
| 8234424940 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 20 | |
| 8234424941 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Northern and Southern China by connecting the Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 21 | |
| 8234424942 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 22 | |
| 8234424943 | Samurai | in Feudal Japan, these were mounted troops; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 23 | |
| 8234424944 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 24 | |
| 8234424945 | Shoguns | military leaders in Feudal Japan | 25 | |
| 8234424946 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 26 | |
| 8234424947 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 27 | |
| 8234424948 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 28 | |
| 8234424949 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 29 | |
| 8234424950 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 30 | |
| 8234424951 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 31 | |
| 8234424952 | Champa Rice | drought resistant crop, a gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 32 | |
| 8234424953 | Trans Saharan trade | Made possible by domestication of hte camel, it was later Dominated by Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates. |  | 33 |
| 8234424954 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols in Asia, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 34 |
| 8234424955 | Indian Ocean Trade System |  | 35 | |
| 8234424956 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 36 | |
| 8234424957 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 37 |
| 8234424958 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 38 | |
| 8238149085 | Al-Andalus | Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C.E. | 39 | |
| 8238155614 | caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as the Byzantine Empire. | 40 | |
| 8238160147 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the ninth century C.E.; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversation of Vladimir to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications. | 41 | |
| 8238163962 | Prince Valdamir of Kiev | Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. | 42 | |
| 8238171821 | Khanbalik | "city of the khan," founded as a new capital city for the Mongols after their conquest of China | 43 | |
| 8238178878 | pastoralism | Way of life in which people depend on the herding of domesticated animals for their food | 44 |
