The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 12705689669 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 12705689670 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 12705689671 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 12705689672 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 12705689673 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 12705689674 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 12705689675 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 12705689676 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 12705689677 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 12705689678 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 12705689679 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 12705689680 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 12705689681 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 12705689682 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 12705689683 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 14 | |
| 12705689684 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 15 | |
| 12705689685 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 16 | |
| 12705689686 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 17 | |
| 12705689687 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 18 | |
| 12705689688 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 19 | |
| 12705689689 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 20 | |
| 12705689690 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 21 | |
| 12705689691 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 22 | |
| 12705689692 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 23 | |
| 12705689693 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 24 | |
| 12705689694 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 25 | |
| 12705689695 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 26 | |
| 12705689696 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 27 | |
| 12705689697 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 28 | |
| 12705689698 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 29 | |
| 12705689699 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 30 | |
| 12705689700 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 31 | |
| 12705689701 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 32 | |
| 12705689702 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 33 | |
| 12705689703 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 34 | |
| 12705689704 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 35 | |
| 12705689705 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 36 | |
| 12705689706 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 37 | |
| 12705689707 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 38 | |
| 12705689708 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 39 | |
| 12705689709 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 40 | |
| 12705689710 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 41 | |
| 12705689711 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 42 | |
| 12705689712 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 43 | |
| 12705689713 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 44 | |
| 12705689714 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 45 | |
| 12705689715 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 46 | |
| 12705689716 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 47 | |
| 12705689717 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 48 | |
| 12705689718 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 49 | |
| 12705689719 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 50 | |
| 12705689720 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 51 | |
| 12705689721 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 52 | |
| 12705689722 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 53 | |
| 12705689723 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 54 | |
| 12705689724 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 55 | |
| 12705689725 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 56 | |
| 12705689726 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 57 | |
| 12705689727 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | 58 | |
| 12705689728 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 59 | |
| 12705689729 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 60 | |
| 12705689730 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 61 | |
| 12705689731 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 62 | |
| 12705689732 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 63 | |
| 12705689733 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 64 | |
| 12705689734 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 65 | |
| 12705689735 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 66 | |
| 12705689750 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 67 | |
| 12705689751 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 68 | |
| 12705689736 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 69 | |
| 12705689737 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 70 | |
| 12705689738 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 71 | |
| 12705689739 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 72 | |
| 12705689740 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 73 |
| 12705689741 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 74 | |
| 12705689742 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 75 | |
| 12705689743 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 76 |
| 12705689752 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 77 | |
| 12705689744 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 78 | |
| 12705689745 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 79 | |
| 12705689746 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 80 | |
| 12705689753 | Bantu Migrations |  | 81 | |
| 12705689747 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 82 |
| 12705689748 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 83 |
