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| 16137685999 | Muhammad | The Arab founder of Islam. Held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. Muslims believe that the Q'uran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God. | 0 | |
| 16137686000 | Islamic Caliphates | Arose after fall of classical empires. Beginning with Muhammad receiving Allah's message in 610 CE, the Post-Classical Period begins with the Arabs expanding into the areas seen below. The Muslims will dominate trade, astronomy, mathematics, science, philosophy, etc. throughout the era. | 1 | |
| 16137686001 | Islam | Founded by Muhammad, whose members worship the one God of Jews and Christians (called Allah) and follow the teachings of the Q'uran | 2 | |
| 16137686002 | Mongol Khanates | Political entity ruled by a Khan. Equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire. | 3 | |
| 16137686003 | Silk Roads | The most extensive of the land-based trade routes in the world during c. 600 BCE - c. 600 CE. It was named after its highly valued silk, which China could only make for centuries. The exchange of grains and fabrics acrossed Eurasia due to this trading route changed farming techniques and allowed crops to grow in new regions (ex.qanat system: form of irrigation that developed). Merchants and missionaries from S. Asia introduced Buddhism along these trade routes which had lasting effects on E. and Southeast Asia. The Black Death was able to reach widely because of these trading routes as it crossed Afro-Eurasia along these routes. These routes ran roughly east to west. | 4 | |
| 16137686004 | Bantu migrations | A millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original proto-Bantu language group. | 5 | |
| 16137686005 | Mediterranean Trade Routes | Gold coins, glassware, grapevines, jewelry, artwork, perfume, wool, linen textile and olive oil were traded throughout the Mediterranean Basin. They were transported to the silk road and Indian Ocean by ships from Western Europe, Northern Africa and the Byzantine Empire. | 6 | |
| 16137686006 | Polynesian migrations | Settlement of the islands could be accidental or planned. Yams, taros, breadfruit, bananas and dogs, pigs, chickens spread. Hierarchical chiefdoms. | 7 | |
| 16137686007 | Trans-Saharan Trade Routes | Requires travel across the Sahara (north and south) to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast, Europe, to the Levant. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. | 8 | |
| 16137686008 | Bubonic plague | A highly fatal disease spread by fleas, that devastated the Mediterranean world | 9 | |
| 16137686009 | Indian Ocean Routes | Was the largest sea trading area in the world until Europeans began crossing the Atlantic in the late 1400s. It connected Southeast Asia and China to Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. It was a major conveyor of Buddhism from S. Asia into East and Southeast Asia, and in the next era c. 600-c. 1450, Muslim merchants and missionaries spread their faith across the Indian Ocean into the same regions. Its trade depended on ocean currents and wind. People interacted via the Indian Ocean trade routes: E. Asians, S. Asians, E. African Swahilis, Arabs from Southwest Asia, Malays from Southeast Asia, Turks, Greeks, and Russians participated. It traded the same items traded in the Silk Roads and other Eurasian land routes. | 10 | |
| 16137686010 | Maya | Heirs to the Olmec society that cultivated the lowlands of Mesoamerica | 11 | |
| 16137686011 | Caravanserai | A roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey. Supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Europe, especially along the Silk Road. | 12 | |
| 16137686012 | Aztecs | Dominant ethnic group in Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, occupying the region that is modern-day Honduras, Nicaragua and central Mexico. | 13 | |
| 16137686013 | Compass | An instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions | 14 | |
| 16137686014 | Inca | Dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest. | 15 | |
| 16137686015 | Astrolabe | An ancient instrument used for estimating the altitude and predicting the position of celestial objects, such as the moon, other planets, and stars. | 16 | |
| 16137686016 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 17 | |
| 16137686017 | Inca road system | System of runners. 14,000 mile long network of bridges and roads. Tambos =way stations good for communication, trade, and moving troops | 18 | |
| 16137686018 | Crusades | A series of wars fought from the late eleventh through the thirteenth centuries, in which European kings and warriors set out to gain control of the lands in which Jesus lived, known as the Holy Land. | 19 | |
| 16137686019 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 20 | |
| 16137686020 | Textiles | A type of material composed of natural or synthetic fibers. | 21 | |
| 16137686021 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 22 | |
| 16137686022 | Porcelain | A thin, beautiful pottery invented in China | 23 | |
| 16137686023 | Chinese Dynasties | A family of powerful leaders in China Sui Dynasty - The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China Tang Dynasty - Dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria Song Dynasty - (960 - 1279 AD); This dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings | 24 | |
| 16137686024 | Iron | Iron provided more powerful weapons, and allowed forgers to vary the hardness by adding carbon. | 25 | |
| 16137686025 | Byzantine Empire | The continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) | 26 | |
| 16137686026 | Steel | Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons | 27 | |
| 16137686027 | Mit'a system | A system that recruited workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept; an Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor adapted by Spanish administrators, especially on working in the Mexican mines; some of the jobs of the mita workers were to haul heavy baskets of silver ore up steep mine shafts and others woked with toxic mercury; the death rate of these drafter laborers were high | 28 | |
| 16137686028 | Feudalism | A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. | 29 | |
| 16137686029 | Black Death | One of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe in the years 1346-1353 | 30 | |
| 16137686030 | Great Warming Period | The period from about 1000 to 1400 in which global temperatures are thought to have been a few degrees warmer than those of the preceding and following periods. The climatic effects of this period were confined primarily to Europe and North America. The period following the Medieval Warm Period is known as the Little Ice Age. | 31 | |
| 16137686031 | Quipu | An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. | 32 | |
| 16137686032 | Bushido | the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. | 33 | |
| 16137686033 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 34 | |
| 16137686034 | Samurai | A Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 35 | |
| 16137686035 | Chinampa | A method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. | 36 | |
| 16137686036 | Guild organization | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 37 | |
| 16137686037 | Serfs/Serfdom | Men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection. | 38 | |
| 16137686038 | Chivalry | THE QUALITIES IDEALIZED BY KNIGHTHOOD SUCH AS BRAVERY AND GALLANTRY TOWARD WOMEN | 39 | |
| 16137686039 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 40 | |
| 16137686040 | Sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 41 | |
| 16137686041 | Christendom | The collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia) | 42 | |
| 16137686042 | Gunpowder | The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets | 43 | |
| 16137686043 | Shia/Shiism | a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam | 44 | |
| 16137686044 | Citrus | A tree of a genus that includes citron, lemon, lime, orange, and grapefruit. Native to Asia, citrus trees are widely cultivated in warm countries for their fruit, which has juicy flesh and a pulpy rind. | 45 | |
| 16137686045 | Southernization | Developments that were first made in Southern Asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest | 46 | |
| 16137686046 | Civil service exam | Test that everyone had to take. Allowed peasants and others to move up in society | 47 | |
| 16137686047 | Holy Roman empire | Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. | 48 | |
| 16137686048 | Sufi | A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means | 49 | |
| 16137686049 | Kow tow | Kneeling 3x and bowing head to the floor each time then presenting gifts to the emperor in return for land; similar to the tribute system | 50 | |
| 16137686050 | Sugar | The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the West Indies and tropical parts of the Americas beginning in the 16th century, followed by more intensive improvements in production in the 17th through 19th centuries in that part of the world. | 51 | |
| 16137686051 | Cotton | Played an important role in the history of India, the British Empire, and the United States, and continues to be an important crop and commodity. | 52 | |
| 16137686052 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 53 | |
| 16137686053 | Sultan | "Overlord" or "one with power"; title for Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire | 54 | |
| 16137686054 | Craft production | The process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools. Common method of manufacture in the pre-industrialized world, such as in the production of pottery. | 55 | |
| 16137686055 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 56 | |
| 16137686056 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 57 | |
| 16137686057 | Credit | The ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future. | 58 | |
| 16137686058 | Mexica | An indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec Empire. | 59 | |
| 16137686059 | Swahili | A Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries | 60 | |
| 16137686060 | Daimyo | Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai warriors. Daimyo had own mini kingdom including own castle, land, etc. Japan's largest landowners. | 61 | |
| 16137686061 | Military obligation | Organized the people by forcing them to join the military. In the Song Dynasty farmers were in the military. Nothing on the Mongols... The Inca had this, but they called it Mit'a | 62 | |
| 16137686062 | Tax farming | A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. | 63 | |
| 16137686063 | Dar al-Islam | Area where Muslims are in majority | 64 | |
| 16137686064 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 65 | |
| 16137686065 | Terraces | Step-like ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming | 66 | |
| 16137686066 | Decentralized government | System of government characterized by shared power over multiple regional political hubs | 67 | |
| 16137686067 | Monetization | Establishing something (e.g. gold or silver) as the legal tender of a country | 68 | |
| 16137686068 | Tributary systems | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. | 69 | |
| 16137686069 | Entrepót | A trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties | 70 | |
| 16137686070 | Neoconfucianism | This religious, political, and social movement encouraged a return to Confucian values as a way to strengthen society and the state. It became an official state belief system during the Song dynasty as a result of an anti-Buddhism campaign and the increasing Mongol threat. Incorporated Buddhist ideas, combining them with a Confucian emphasis on traditional family rituals and gender roles. It also placed value on the civil service exam. | 71 | |
| 16137686071 | Tribute | A payment by one ruler/nation to another in acknowledgement of submission, protection or respect/superiority | 72 | |
| 16137686072 | Fiefs | Land given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals | 73 | |
| 16137686073 | Nobility | A high-ranking social class | 74 | |
| 16137686074 | Ulama | The body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community | 75 | |
| 16137686075 | Free peasant | Serfs | 76 | |
| 16137686076 | Agriculture | Practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. | 77 | |
| 16137686077 | Nomadic pastoralism | Form of pastoralism in which the whole social group (men, women, children) and their animals move in search of pasture | 78 | |
| 16137686078 | Unfree labor | A form of coerced labor in the form of convict leasing, prison labor, and chain gangs imposed in the postwar South on freed men in order to keep production levels of crops the same as before the war so farm owners could keep making the same kind of money and maintain their lifestyles | 79 | |
| 16137686079 | Gentry | In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel | 80 | |
| 16137686080 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 81 | |
| 16137686081 | Zamindars | Local official in Mongul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government | 82 | |
| 16137686082 | Great Schism | The split between the Roman Catholic church in the west and the Eastern Orthodox church based in Constantinople. The split centered a role of the Pope in the decision making process of the church, the language of the bible, and whether priests should be celibate. | 83 | |
| 16137686083 | Printing | A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. | 84 | |
| 16137686084 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 85 | |
| 16137686085 | Novgorod | Rurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia | 86 | |
| 16137686086 | Calicut | Great spice port of India where da Gama landed and traded | 87 | |
| 16137686087 | Cahokia | An ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 88 | |
| 16137686088 | Malacca | The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula. | 89 | |
| 16137686089 | Baghdad | Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 90 | |
| 16137686090 | Venice | An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople. | 91 | |
| 16137686091 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 92 |
