The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 8307167674 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 8307167675 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammad and the future center/holy city of Islam | 1 | |
| 8307167676 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; Muhammad's flight here, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 8307167677 | Umayyad | more militant Islamic dynasty, stretched from Spain to India in the 700's, capital at Damascus, religious tolerance, no nonarabs in govt | 3 | |
| 8307167678 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh, "founder" of Islam | 4 | |
| 8307167679 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 8307167680 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 8307167681 | Five Pillars | the religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, charity, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 8307167682 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 8307167683 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 8307167684 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 8307167685 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 8307167686 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 8307167687 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam, only Muhammad's relatives should be caliph | 13 | |
| 8307167690 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad, Golden Age, preserved works of ancient and classical scholars, status of women lowered, accepted non Arabs in govt | 14 | |
| 8307167691 | Hadiths | "traditions" /saying of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 15 | |
| 8307167693 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants and Indian Ocean trade | 16 | |
| 8307167694 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; became mercenaries, gained power and ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 17 | |
| 8307167695 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem temporarily, sacked Constantinople | 18 | |
| 8307167697 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 19 | |
| 8307167698 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 20 | |
| 8307167699 | Ghengis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 21 | |
| 8307167700 | Mamluks | Muslim rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 22 | |
| 8307167701 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 23 | |
| 8307167702 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 24 | |
| 8307167703 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 25 | |
| 8307167704 | Mali | centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers, traded gold and salt, and taxed Islamic | 26 | |
| 8307167705 | Mansa Musa | the ruler of Mali, his pilgrimage to Mecca crashed economies | 27 | |
| 8307167706 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 28 | |
| 8307167707 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 29 | |
| 8307167708 | Songhai | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 30 | |
| 8307167709 | Swahili city states | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 31 | |
| 8307167710 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa, connected to coastal Indian Ocean trade | 32 | |
| 8307167712 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians, source of controversy | 33 | |
| 8307167713 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 34 | |
| 8307167714 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 35 | |
| 8307167715 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 36 | |
| 8307167716 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 37 | |
| 8307167718 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 38 | |
| 8307167719 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 39 | |
| 8307167721 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 40 | |
| 8307167722 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 41 | |
| 8307167723 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 42 | |
| 8307167724 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection --exonomic | 43 | |
| 8307167725 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers tied to the land within the manorial system | 44 | |
| 8307167726 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure..improved food production | 45 | |
| 8307167727 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 46 | |
| 8307167729 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 47 | |
| 8307167730 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established HOly Roman empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 48 | |
| 8307167732 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 49 | |
| 8307167734 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 50 | |
| 8307167735 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 51 | |
| 8307167737 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a sense of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 52 | |
| 8307167738 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control, hoped to reunify Eastern Christianity | 53 | |
| 8307167739 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 54 | |
| 8307167743 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance --trade | 55 | |
| 8307167744 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 56 | |
| 8307167745 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 57 | |
| 8307167751 | Grand Canal | great canal system joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 58 | |
| 8307167752 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 59 | |
| 8307167754 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen as beautiful to the elite. increased under Song, never adopted by Japan orKorea | 60 | |
| 8307167758 | Samurai | Japanese warriors; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 61 | |
| 8307167762 | Shoguns | military leaders of Japan | 62 | |
| 8307167763 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states in Japan, part of feudalism | 63 | |
| 8307167765 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty in Korea after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 64 | |
| 8307167772 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c, left Russia devastated | 65 | |
| 8307167773 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 66 | |
| 8307167775 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 67 | |
| 8307167776 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 68 | |
| 8307167778 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 69 | |
| 8307167779 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 70 | |
| 8307167780 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 71 | |
| 8307167784 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 72 | |
| 8307167786 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 73 | |
| 8307167787 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 74 | |
| 8307167788 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 75 | |
| 8307167790 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated by Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 76 |
| 8307167792 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence, focus on military, age three teachings of poetry | 77 | |
| 8307167793 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 78 |
| 8307167794 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade | spread Islam and Buddhism, followed monsoons |  | 79 |
| 8307167796 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 80 | |
| 8307167798 | Bantu Migrations | spread knowledge of farming (banana), iron, and language |  | 81 |
| 8307167799 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 82 |
| 8307167800 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 83 | |
| 8308815164 | Dar al Islam | Muslim world with common Islamic culture | 84 | |
| 8308828677 | Islam | arrived in East Africa via merchants | 85 | |
| 8308840726 | East African trade/Indian Ocean | Bananas, ivory, gold slaves were traded on the ..... | 86 | |
| 8308854345 | North West African Empires | Islam arrived here thru Berbers and trade, but mostly thru Kings and leaders | 87 | |
| 8308858718 | Crusades | led to the decline of feudalism, increased trade, military, mathematical and scientific learning b/w East and West | 88 | |
| 8308873004 | Justinian | Byantine emperor who had a centralized code of law, and was over top the Patriarch of the Eastern ORthodox Church | 89 | |
| 8308885191 | Great Schism | split between the EAstern Orthodox and Catholic church | 90 | |
| 8308888374 | investiture controversy | conflict b/w the Pope and the Kings/emperor over who should choose church officials--solved with the Concordant of Worms | 91 | |
| 8308903831 | Inca | Quipu, advanced roads, Peru | 92 | |
| 8308907125 | Aztec | human sacrifice, modern day Mexico | 93 | |
| 8308917037 | Song | dynasty with a golden age, less military focus, many inventions, | 94 | |
| 8308943476 | Delhi Sultanate | introduced Islam into India | 95 | |
| 8308948877 | Anasazi | SW America tribe of cliff dwellers, diet of corn, beans and squash, | 96 | |
| 8308983050 | Kievan Rus | adopted Orthodox Christianity to Russia, Cyrillic alphabet, originally settled by vikings, | 97 | |
| 8309017287 | Angor Wat | Khmer temple in SE Asia with Hindu and Buddhist influence in the architecture | 98 | |
| 8309028576 | Mongols | group who encouraged trade and raised the status of merchants in China, allowed religious toleration | 99 | |
| 8309039169 | Catholic Church | eventually unified Europe after the fall of Rome | 100 | |
| 8309046454 | camel | made possible trans saharan trade routes | 101 | |
| 8309064388 | Muslim/Middle Eastern | intricate style of art with geometric shapes and calligraphy | 102 | |
| 8309080581 | Africa | despite contact and some conversion from Christianity and Islam via trade, this region maintained its tribal religions and a higher status of women | 103 | |
| 8309088660 | monasteries | strict discipline, copied ancient texts, preserved classical learning in Europe, served as safe places for travelers and orphans | 104 | |
| 8309100159 | China | mechanical clock, compass, gunpowder and the abacus were all inventions from | 105 |
