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| 8137419512 | Kingdom of Ghana | West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade. | 0 | |
| 8137419513 | Kingdom of Mali | a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries | 1 | |
| 8137419514 | Kingdom of Songhai | last and final great empire of West Africa. a very big trading city back then where many people would trade things like gold for salt | 2 | |
| 8137419515 | Trans-Saharan Trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading | 3 | |
| 8137419516 | Gold-Salt-Slaves | major commodities in medieval Africa | 4 | |
| 8137419517 | Islam | major cultrual and religous in North Africa arived about 634 and by 750 followers of _______ controlled most of North Africa | 5 | |
| 8137419518 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 6 | |
| 8137419519 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 7 | |
| 8137419520 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores." | 8 | |
| 8137419521 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 9 | |
| 8137419522 | Indian Ocean Basin | The most important maritime trade network during the postclassical period. It involved trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. | 10 | |
| 8137419523 | Monsoons | warm, moisture-laden winds from the southwest that bring most of India's rainfall during the spring and summer. | 11 | |
| 8137419524 | Nomads | Cattle-and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 12 | |
| 8137419525 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | 13 | |
| 8137419526 | City-States | Cities with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside; found in Aztec society | 14 | |
| 8137419527 | Tenochtitlan | An ancient Aztec capital on the site of present-day Mexico City. Founded c. 1325, it was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. | 15 | |
| 8137419528 | "Triple Alliance" | 1428 agreement between the Mexica (Tenochtitlan) and two other nearby city-states (Texcoco, Tlacopan)that launched the Aztec Empire | 16 | |
| 8137419529 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 17 | |
| 8137419530 | Human Sacrifice | Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Incas | 18 | |
| 8137419531 | Chinampas | Artificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland | 19 | |
| 8137419532 | Hernán Cortés | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | 20 | |
| 8137419533 | Class System | (AZETEC) Emperor, Nobles, Commoners (Farmers, Traders, Artisans-skilled workers), Unskilled workers, and enslaved people. An act of bravery could move you up in the class system and you were given land--warriors could become nobles | 21 | |
| 8137419534 | Andes | A large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America | 22 | |
| 8137419535 | Mita | In the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. | 23 | |
| 8137419536 | Terraces | found in Inca and Aztec civilizations; A new form of agriculture in Aksum where stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion | 24 | |
| 8137419537 | Machu Pichu | a city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru--- Means "great peak" | 25 | |
| 8137419538 | Charlemange | King of the Franks 768 to 814 from the Carolingian line. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire. | 26 | |
| 8137419539 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 27 | |
| 8137419540 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 28 | |
| 8137419541 | Vassal | (in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant. | 29 | |
| 8137419542 | Holy Roman Empire | A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. | 30 | |
| 8137419543 | Franks | A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and restored order after the collapse of the Roman empire by establishing their own centralized state (empire) | 31 | |
| 8137419544 | Battle of Hastings (1066) | led by William the conquerer, the Normands invaded and conquered England | 32 | |
| 8137419545 | Pope | Bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishop; Becomes head of the Roman Catholic Church; Very powerful during the Middle Ages; | 33 | |
| 8137419546 | Vikings | Came from Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople. | 34 | |
| 8137419547 | Longboats | Boats with shallow bows and trademark dragons or scary faces on the tip of the ship that were used by the Vikings | 35 | |
| 8137419548 | Newfoundland | An island of Canada that is off the east coast of mainland Canada; first explored by Lief Ericson (Viking) | 36 | |
| 8137419549 | Chivalry | Code of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism. | 37 | |
| 8137419550 | Parliament | A governing body during the Middle Ages that represented the privileged groups including the nobles and the church was called ____. | 38 | |
| 8137419551 | Hundred Years' War | (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | 39 | |
| 8137419552 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 40 | |
| 8137419553 | Vernacular Language | The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century as is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-74), Boccaccio (1313-75). and Chaucer (1342-1400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation. | 41 | |
| 8137419554 | Guild System | A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship -> journey man ->master | 42 | |
| 8137419555 | Middle Class | A social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor. | 43 | |
| 8137419556 | Great Schism (1378) | A division in Church- rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. later a 3rd pope was elected in Pisa | 44 | |
| 8137419557 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; Bubonic Plague | 45 | |
| 8137419558 | Khan | Mongol ruler | 46 | |
| 8137419559 | Khanate | four divisions of the Mongol world - Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China | 47 | |
| 8137419560 | Nomads | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently (MONGOLS) | 48 | |
| 8137419561 | Steppes | Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military | 49 | |
| 8137419562 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | 50 | |
| 8137419563 | Yuan Dynasty | 1271-1368 CE. Established when the Mongols conquered the Chinese Song Dynasty. Mongol reign short-lived, ending when the Mongols were driven from China in the 1300s. | 51 | |
| 8137419564 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years. The capitol of the area was in Sarai. Western most part of the Mongol Empire | 52 | |
| 8137419565 | Central Asia | the core region of the Asian Continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the West to China in the East and from Afghanistan in the South to Russia in the North; w/ Muslims, poeple from here ranked just below Mongols in Yuan Dynasty |  | 53 |
| 8137419566 | Persia | area conquered by Ghinggis Khan; in Asia Minor |  | 54 |
| 8137419567 | Religious Tolerance | Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs; practiced by Mongols | 55 | |
| 8137419568 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; mahayana, pure land school (nembutsu, mappo) in Japan | 56 | |
| 8137419569 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; spread to Japan | 57 | |
| 8137419570 | Feudalism (Japan) | Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners, merchants | 58 | |
| 8137419571 | foot binding | Male imposed practice to mutilate a women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped confine women to the household; seen as beautiful to the elite | 59 | |
| 8137419572 | flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 60 | |
| 8137419573 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 61 | |
| 8137419574 | Sui Dynasty | (589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north. | 62 | |
| 8137419575 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 63 | |
| 8137419576 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 64 | |
| 8137419577 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 C.E.) Did not last long due to a large expensive bureaucracy and a weak military. Will fall to the Mongols in 1279. | 65 | |
| 8137419578 | Five Pillars | true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime | 66 | |
| 8137419579 | Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | 67 | |
| 8137419580 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 68 | |
| 8137419581 | Shari'ah | All-encompassing system of laws, regulations and advice that tell a Muslim how to live his or her life. Deals with a person's obligations to God. A blue print for righteous living. Implemented by the Caliphs. Influenced was gradually reduced by Western rulers and powers, Eventually disposed of and replaced with concepts from Europe. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia practice it to this day, | 69 | |
| 8137419582 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 70 | |
| 8137419583 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 71 | |
| 8137419584 | Muslim | "One who has submitted"; followers of Islam | 72 | |
| 8137419585 | Islam | means "submission," signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah. | 73 | |
| 8137419586 | Muhammad | Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Qur'an, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam | 74 | |
| 8137419587 | Caliphs | "Successor to the Prophet"; Islamic head of state (both political and religious leader) | 75 | |
| 8137419588 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 76 | |
| 8137419589 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 77 | |
| 8137419590 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of. | 78 | |
| 8137419591 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. | 79 | |
| 8137419592 | Sultan | Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country | 80 | |
| 8137419593 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 81 | |
| 8137419594 | Mosque | A Muslim place of worship | 82 | |
| 8137419595 | Slavs | Ancient cultures from around 500 AD that came to Northern Russia. Many lived in Novgorod and Kiev | 83 | |
| 8137419596 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia | 84 | |
| 8137419597 | Novgorod | Rurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia | 85 | |
| 8137419598 | Grand Prince of Kiev | Vladimir | 86 | |
| 8137419599 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 87 | |
| 8137419600 | Russian Orthodox Church | The religion adopted by the Russian Princes in Kiev. Moscow will become known as the Third Rome, the cultural and religious guide of Christianity (after fall of Rome and Constantinople) | 88 | |
| 8137419601 | Mongol Invasion | of Russia in 1240 kept it occupied and under domination for about 250 years. Finally in 1480 Ivan III, a grand duke of Muscovy, able to repel the Mongols. During the time of Mongol domination Russia was very isolated and lost pace with the West. Influenced by Greek Orthodox Church so Constantinople was cultural/religious center, not Rome. Renaissance passed Russia by. | 89 | |
| 8137419602 | Ottoman Empire | Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. | 90 | |
| 8137419603 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as it's supreme leader; brought to Russia by Grand Prince Vladimir | 91 | |
| 8137419604 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 92 | |
| 8137419605 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 93 | |
| 8137419606 | Great Schism- 1054 C.E. | split between Eastern and Western Christian Churches turning into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches | 94 | |
| 8137419607 | Black Sea | Through this body of water Northern Europe was connected to the Mediterranean Area and Silk Road | 95 | |
| 8137419608 | Celibacy | The state of one who has chosen to remain unmarried for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven in order to give himself entirely to God and to the service of his people; value in Byzantine Empire | 96 |
