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| 5138998420 | Abbasid | An Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that expanded the Muslim empire from Baghdad; named for al-Abbas, paternal uncle the prophet Muhammad. The third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Its dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. | 0 | |
| 5138998421 | Abu Bakr | First caliph of the Muslim empire (632-634). He was one of the earliest converts to Islam and ascended to power after the death of his son-in-law Muhammad, establishing Islam as a political and military force throughout Arabia. A senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph, he succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. | 1 | |
| 5138998422 | Ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites; he was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; after his assassination Islam was divided into Shiite and Sunnite sects. Orthodox caliph | 2 | |
| 5138998423 | Caliph | The spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community, between 656 and 661 CE which was one of the hardest periods in Muslim history that coincided with the first Muslim civil war. He reigned over Rashidun empire which was extended from Central Asia in the east to North Africa in the west. Many Muslims consider his government as the Islamic style of justice and tolerance on one side and tough following of Islamic law on the other. | 3 | |
| 5138998424 | Crusade | Invasion of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially when Palestine captured Jerusalem and established Christians kingdoms enduring until 1291. | 4 | |
| 5138998425 | Dar al-Islam | The literal meaning of the Arabic words is "the abode of Islam." The term refers to the land of Islam that is, the territories in which Islam and it's religious laws (Shari'a) may be freely practiced. Also, sometimes, called dar as-Salam, "the abode of peace." | 5 | |
| 5138998426 | Delhi Sultanate | Centralized Indian empire of varied extent, created by Muslims invaders | 6 | |
| 5138998427 | Fatimids | Ruler of Egypt began their administration in Fustat and expanded it to Cairo in 969 | 7 | |
| 5138998428 | Hajj | The fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu-al-Qadash | 8 | |
| 5138998429 | Hijra | The "migration" or flight of Muhammad from Mecca, where his life was in danger, to Medina (then called Yathrib), where he was welcomed as a potential leader in 622 CE. The Islamic era (A.H.: After Hijra) is calculated from this date. | 9 | |
| 5138998430 | Imam | In Islam, a title for a person whose leadership or example is to be followed. | 10 | |
| 5138998431 | Inquisition | A former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church created to discover and suppress heresy. | 11 | |
| 5138998432 | Jihad | Sacred struggle which is also sometime consider a sixth pillar. It should only be practiced in self-defense. | 12 | |
| 5138998433 | Ka'aba | The stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth. | 13 | |
| 5138998434 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the 13th to 15th centuries. It was famous for it role in the trans-saharan gold trade. | 14 | |
| 5138998435 | Mansa Musa | This Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 to 1337, he was the most powerful king in the West Africa. | 15 | |
| 5138998436 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center;dominated by Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 16 | |
| 5138998437 | Medina | A city of western Saudi Arabia north of Mecca. The Mosque of the Prophet, containing Muhammad's tomb, is a holy site for Muslim pilgrims. The second most holy city of Islam (after Mecca). | 17 | |
| 5138998438 | Baghdad | the capital of Iraq, on the River Tigris: capital of the Abbasid Caliphate (762-1258). | 18 | |
| 5138998439 | House of Wisdom | An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s. | 19 | |
| 5138998440 | Muhammad | Prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 20 | |
| 5138998441 | Quran | The word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into a Holy book of Islam. | 21 | |
| 5138998442 | Reconquista | The Christians reconquest of Spain | 22 | |
| 5138998443 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leaders. | 23 | |
| 5138998444 | Shari'a | The code of law derived from the Quran from the teaching and the examples of Muhammad | 24 | |
| 5138998445 | Shi'a | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son in law, Ali. | 25 | |
| 5138998446 | Sufi | In Islam, a member of one of the orders practicing mystical form of worship that first arose in the eighth and ninth centuries C.E. | 26 | |
| 5138998447 | Sundiata | The founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes. | 27 | |
| 5138998448 | Sunni | A member of the branch of Islam that accepts the 1st 4 caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad. | 28 | |
| 5138998449 | Ummayyad | Established by Muarviya moved capital from Medina to Damascus that action split Islam into Sunni and Shia. | 29 | |
| 5138998450 | Black Death | The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly 1/2 the people of Western Europe. | 30 | |
| 5138998451 | Free market economy | An economic system in which the means of production and largely privately owned and there is little or no government control over the markets. | 31 | |
| 5138998452 | Ghana Empire | The first Western African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade. | 32 | |
| 5138998453 | Great Zimbabwe | In southeastern Africa, the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450, this city was mysteriously abandoned. | 33 | |
| 5138998454 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholars, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and western Sudan. | 34 | |
| 5138998455 | Mali Empire | Created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the 13 to 15 centuries. It was famous for it's role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 35 | |
| 5138998456 | Ming dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China 1368, lasted until 1644??; Initially mounted huge trade expeditions to Southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 36 | |
| 5138998457 | Monsoon | Seasonal wind of Indian Ocean. | 37 | |
| 5138998458 | Pax Mongolica | Era of relative peace and stability created by Mongol Empire. | 38 | |
| 5138998459 | Song dynasty | The imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279, noted for art and literature and philosophy. | 39 | |
| 5138998460 | Songhay | Empire kept the trade route secure, gained power over trade, traders and trade routes (Mali and Ghana too). | 40 | |
| 5138998461 | Temujin/Chinggis Khan | Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan, Mongol leader who led their conquests westwards and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness. | 41 | |
| 5138998462 | Tenochtitlán | Aztec capital city. | 42 | |
| 5138998463 | Zheng He | Made largest voyages, trade silk, porcelains and peppers. 7 ocean going expeditions under eunuch Zheng He. He urge government for foreign trade when Ming limit the contact with foreigners. | 43 | |
| 5138998464 | Anselm | (1033-1109), they stressed the need for and intellectual basis for faith, they emphasized the need for a rational approach to the interpretation of texts, (believed pure faith was not enough to attain starvation) | 44 | |
| 5138998465 | Bartolomeu Dias | In 1488, Portuguese explorer reached southern tip of Africa and turned northward for 300 miles. His crew refused to go further towards India. | 45 | |
| 5138998466 | Francis of Assisi | Gave away all his possessions to the poor. Franciscans followed his teachings. The religious he founded became the largest in Europe. | 46 | |
| 5138998467 | Guilds | A sworn association of people who gathers for some common purpose. In the towns of medieval Europe, guilds of craftsmen or merchants were formed to protect and further their business interests and for mutual aids. | 47 | |
| 5138998468 | Hanseatic League | The most famous and powerful guild group. | 48 | |
| 5138998469 | Henry the Navigator | Sailed down the coast of West Africa, motivation to defeat Muslim power over African trade routes. Established a center of study of navigation and shipbuilding at the southwestern tip of Portugal. | 49 | |
| 5138998470 | Humanism | Cultural movement initiated in Western Europe in the 14th. Century deriving from the rediscovery and study of Greeks and Roman literacy texts. Most of humanists continued to believe in God, but emphasized the study of humans. | 50 | |
| 5138998471 | Johannes Gutenberg | German, had printed the the first book set in movable type, the Bible. | 51 | |
| 5138998472 | Joseph Banks | A young scientist who made vast contributions to Botany and Zoology on the basis of his findings on this voyage. He was the botanists to study natives species. | 52 | |
| 5138998473 | Leif Eriksson | First person to set foot in the New World. | 53 | |
| 5138998474 | Medici | It's family provided rick support to illustrate, creative artists developed and expressed their genius in Florence. | 54 | |
| 5138998475 | Renaissance | A rebirth of classical ideas in European through literature, art, manners and sensibility. It gave a new orientation to religious expressions, more earthy, more fleshy, than it had been throughout medieval European times. It is a period of cultural and intellectual creativity in Western Europe between 1300 and 1570. | 55 | |
| 5138998476 | Thomas Aquinas | The greatest Christian theologian of his age, paved the way for new ideas of Renaissance and supported Aristotle's theory and believed in logic and reasoning and faith. | 56 | |
| 5138998477 | Vasco de Balboa | First European to see Pacific Ocean, beheaded by Spain King who falsely accused him of treason. | 57 | |
| 5138998478 | Vasco de Gama | Expedition on behalf of Portuguese Crown completed by sea link from Europe around Africa to India. He established the policy of using military force to create Portuguese power in the Indian Ocean. | 58 | |
| 5138998479 | Vikings | One of a seafaring Scandinavians people who raided the coasts of Northern and Western Europe from 18th through 10th century. | 59 | |
| 5138998480 | William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the 1st Norman to be King of England. | 60 | |
| 5138998481 | Theocracy | A system of government based on religious beliefs and texts and headed by religious leaders. | 61 | |
| 5138998482 | Caliphate | The office or jurisdiction of a caliph. The last caliphate was held by Ottoman Turkish sultans until it was abolished by Kemal Atatürk in 1924. | 62 | |
| 5138998483 | Orthodox Christians | Eastern Church (Greek & Russian Orthodox) Also called: Byzantine Church, Eastern Orthodox Church or Greek Orthodox Church the collective body of those Eastern Churches that were separated from the western Church in the 11th century and are in communion with the Greek patriarch of Constantinople | 63 | |
| 5138998484 | Justinian Code | the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law. | 64 | |
| 5138998485 | Feudalism | A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. A political, economic, or social order resembling this medieval system. | 65 | |
| 5138998486 | Vassal | A person who held land from a feudal lord and received protection in return for homage and allegiance. | 66 | |
| 5138998487 | Serfs | An agricultural worker or peasant bound to the land and legally dependent on the lord. They had their own homes, plots, and livestock, but they owed the lord labor, dues, and services. These services could be commuted to rent, but they remained chattels of the lord unless they were emancipated, or escaped. Serfdom declined in Western Europe in the late medieval period, but persisted in parts of Eastern Europe until the 19th century. | 67 | |
| 5138998488 | Manor | The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe. | 68 | |
| 5138998489 | Fief | the property or fee granted to a vassal for his maintenance by his lord in return for service. | 69 | |
| 5138998490 | Chivalry | The qualities idealized by knighthood, such as bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women. | 70 | |
| 5138998491 | Burghers | a member of the trading or mercantile class of a medieval city. | 71 | |
| 5138998493 | Heresy | A belief that is not in agreement with, or even conflicts with, the official orthodoxy of its time and place. Heretics, those who espoused heresies, were often persecuted. | 72 | |
| 5138998494 | Magna Carta | the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. | 73 | |
| 5138998495 | Tang Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907. | 74 | |
| 5138998496 | Yuan Dynasty | he imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. | 75 | |
| 5138998497 | Kublai Khan | Mongol emperor (1260-1294) and founder of the Mongol dynasty in China. A grandson of Genghis Khan, he conquered the Song dynasty (1279) and established a great capital, now Beijing, where he received Marco Polo (1275-1292). | 76 | |
| 5138998499 | Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. the officials in this can be considered as a group or hierarchy. | 77 | |
| 5138998500 | Foot binding | the compressing of the feet of girls with tight bandages (as formerly in China) so as to keep the feet from being over three or four inches long | 78 | |
| 5138998501 | Heian Japan | of or relating to the period in Japan, a.d. 794-1185, characterized by the modification and naturalization of ideas and institutions that were earlier introduced from China. | 79 | |
| 5138998503 | Bushido Code | The traditional code of the Japanese samurai, stressing honor, self-discipline, bravery, and simple living, the code of the samurai in feudal Japan, stressing loyalty and obedience and valuing honor above life. | 80 | |
| 5138998504 | Samurai | The hereditary warrior aristocrats of Japanese society, known for their code of honor and loyalty, were permitted to wear swords in their everyday dress. | 81 | |
| 5138998505 | Ottoman Turks | a Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I) | 82 | |
| 5138998506 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain (483-565) | 83 | |
| 5138998508 | Franks | A member of one of the Germanic tribes of the Rhine region in the early Christian era, especially one of the Salian Franks who conquered Gaul about ad 500 and established an extensive empire that reached its greatest power in the ninth century. | 84 | |
| 5138998509 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511) | 85 | |
| 5138998510 | Charles Martel | Frankish ruler of Austrasia (715-741) who in 732 halted the European invasion of the Moors. His grandson was Charlemagne. He checked the Muslim invasion of Europe by defeating the Moors at Poitiers (732). | 86 | |
| 5138998511 | Charlemagne | 742-814 ad, king of the Franks (768-814) and, as Charles I, Holy Roman Emperor (800-814). He conquered the Lombards (774), the Saxons (772-804), and the Avars (791-799). He instituted many judicial and ecclesiastical reforms, and promoted commerce and agriculture throughout his empire, which extended from the Ebro to the Elbe. Under Alcuin his court at Aachen became the centre of a revival of learning. | 87 | |
| 5138998512 | Battle of Tours | near Poitiers, France, Frankish leader Charles Martel, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe. Abd-ar-Rahman, the Muslim governor of Cordoba, was killed in the fighting, and the Moors retreated from Gaul, never to return in such force. Victory at Tours ensured the ruling dynasty of Martel's family, the Carolingians. His son Pepin became the first Carolingian king of the Franks, and his grandson Charlemagne carved out a vast empire that stretched across Europe. | 88 | |
| 5138998513 | Holy Roman Empire | the complex of European territories under the rule of the Frankish or German king who bore the title of Roman emperor, beginning with the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 ad. The last emperor, Francis II, relinquished his crown in 1806. | 89 | |
| 5138998514 | Magyars | A member of the principal ethnic group of Hungary. | 90 | |
| 5138998515 | Crusades | During the Middle Ages, Christian armies tried to recapture Jerusalem which had been conquered by Muslim Turks. They began before 1100 and ended in the late 1200s. | 91 | |
| 5138998516 | Pope Innocent III | Pope (1198-1216) whose reign was marked by the Fourth Crusade and papal intervention in European politics. under whom the temporal power of the papacy reached its height. He instituted the Fourth Crusade (1202) and a crusade against the Albigenses (1208), and called the fourth Lateran Council (1215) | 92 | |
| 5138998518 | Hundred Years War | the series of wars fought intermittently between England and France from 1337-1453: after early victories the English were expelled from all of France except Calais. Fought over the English Plantagenet kings' claim to the French throne. It ended in the expulsion of the English from most of France. | 93 | |
| 5138998519 | Ivan the Terrible | the first czar of Russia (1530-1584) | 94 | |
| 5138998759 | Tamerlane | 1336-1405, Mongolian conqueror who led his nomadic hordes from their capital at Samarqand in central Asia to overrun vast areas of Persia, Turkey, Russia, and India. Mongol conqueror of the area from Mongolia to the Mediterranean; ruler of Samarkand (1369-1405). He defeated the Turks at Angora (1402) and died while invading China | 95 | |
| 5139212797 | Dhimmi | The book of the people Jews and Christians | 96 | |
| 5139212798 | Ghana | The first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade. | 97 | |
| 5139212799 | Hadith | Traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad, and the basis, after the Quran, for Islamic theology and law. | 98 | |
| 5139212800 | Mahdi | According to Islamic tradition, a messianic leader will appear to restore justice, truth, and religion for a brief period before the Day of Judgement. | 99 | |
| 5139212801 | Umma | The community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. | 100 | |
| 5139212802 | Ulama | The theologians and legal experts of Islam. | 101 | |
| 5139212803 | Axum | In the century, the kingdom of Axum in Christian Ethiopia dominated the trade of the Red Sea and some extent to the Arabian Sea. | 102 | |
| 5139212804 | Jong | Also known as junk, cargo ships multilayered hulls, two to four masts, two rudders and a capacity of 400 to 500 tons. | 103 | |
| 5139212805 | Marco polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) | 104 | |
| 5139212806 | Sahel | Extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Saharan; became point of exchange between North and South Africa where ideas, people and trade arrived. | 105 | |
| 5139212807 | Tsetse fly | An African bloodsucking fly that bites human and other mammals and spread diseases. | 106 | |
| 5139212808 | Amerigo Vespucci | Recongnized Columbus mistakes about claiming the new land India. He travelled to coast of South America (died of Malaria) | 107 | |
| 5139212809 | Battle of Lepanto | The battle between Byzantine Empire, Muslim Empire and Roman Catholic. Battle of Lepanto in Greek waters, fixed generally accepted zones of control between them. | 108 | |
| 5139212810 | Christopher Columbus | Never realized he discover new world, ready to convert people to Christianity receive support from Spain, he misunderstood circumference and eastern and western span of Eurasian and thought he had landed on eastern coast of Asia. | 109 | |
| 5139212811 | Ferdinand Magellan | Charles V of Spain send him to sail and find a passage around the southern tip of South America and proceed across the Pacific and reach Spain Island of East Asia. First person to circumnavigation of the globe. | 110 | |
| 5139212812 | James Cook | Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777-1779 resulting in opening to island to the West; convinced Kanehamehah t establish a unified kingdom in the islands. | 111 | |
| 5187898165 | Ijtihad | A method of Quranic interpretation based on text, local custom, and the personal judgment of the qadi, or judge. | 112 | |
| 5187898166 | Tariqa | In Islam a generic term meaning "path," referring to the doctrines and methods of mysticism and esoterism. The word also refers to schools or brotherhoods of mystics, which were often situated at a mosque or the tomb of a Muslim saint. | 113 | |
| 5369675533 | Shogun | The military dictator of Japan, a hereditary title held by three families between 1192 and 1867. Although they were legally subservient the the emperor, their military power gave them effective control of the country. | 114 | |
| 5369675534 | Hagia Sophia | 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century. | 115 | |
| 5371781306 | Medieval | The "middle period" European of the Renaissance period, who felt that they were, at last, reconnecting with the glories of Ancient Greece and Rome, called the ten centuries in between the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. | 116 |
