The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Terms : Hide Images
| 6820843601 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 0 | |
| 6820843602 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 1 | |
| 6820843603 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 2 | |
| 6820843604 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 3 | |
| 6820843605 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 4 | |
| 6820843606 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 5 | |
| 6820843607 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 6 | |
| 6820843608 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 7 | |
| 6820843609 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 8 | |
| 6820843610 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 9 | |
| 6820843611 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 10 | |
| 6820843612 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 11 | |
| 6820843613 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 12 | |
| 6820843616 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 13 | |
| 6820843617 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 14 | |
| 6820843620 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 15 | |
| 6820843621 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 16 | |
| 6820843623 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 17 | |
| 6820843624 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 18 | |
| 6820843625 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 19 | |
| 6820843628 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 20 | |
| 6820843630 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 21 | |
| 6820843633 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 22 | |
| 6820843635 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 23 | |
| 6820843639 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 24 | |
| 6820843641 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 25 | |
| 6820843642 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 26 | |
| 6820843644 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 27 | |
| 6820843645 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 28 | |
| 6820843647 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 29 | |
| 6820843649 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 30 | |
| 6820843650 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 31 | |
| 6820843651 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 32 | |
| 6820843652 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 33 | |
| 6820843655 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 34 | |
| 6820843656 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 35 | |
| 6820843657 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 36 | |
| 6820843658 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 37 | |
| 6820843659 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 38 | |
| 6820843660 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 39 | |
| 6820843661 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 40 | |
| 6820843662 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 41 | |
| 6820843663 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 42 | |
| 6820843664 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 43 | |
| 6820843665 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 44 | |
| 6820843666 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 45 | |
| 6820843670 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 46 | |
| 6820843671 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 47 | |
| 6820843674 | Mahayana Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 48 | |
| 6820843676 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 49 | |
| 6820843680 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 50 | |
| 6820843684 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 51 | |
| 6820843685 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 52 | |
| 6820843688 | Shogunate | military leaders in Japan | 53 | |
| 6820843690 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 54 | |
| 6820843691 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 55 | |
| 6820843694 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 56 | |
| 6820843695 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 57 | |
| 6820843698 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 58 | |
| 6820843699 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 59 | |
| 6820843700 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 60 | |
| 6820843702 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 61 | |
| 6820843704 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 62 | |
| 6820843705 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 63 | |
| 6820843709 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 64 | |
| 6820843713 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 65 | |
| 6820843714 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 66 | |
| 6820843715 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 67 | |
| 6820843716 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 68 |
| 6820843717 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 69 | |
| 6820843718 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 70 | |
| 6820843719 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 71 |
| 6820843722 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 72 | |
| 6820843723 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 73 | |
| 6820843725 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 74 |
| 6820843726 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 75 |
