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| 8311898355 | Mississippi River Valley (exchange network) | one of three most intense areas of trade in the Americas (see Cahokia) | 0 | |
| 8311903726 | Mesoamerica (exchange networks) | extended north to what is now the southwestern United States and south to Ecuador and Colombia; copper bells, macaw feathers, shells, maize, | 1 | |
| 8311907141 | Andes (exchange networks) | Aztec and Inca empires facilitate commercial exchange in the Americas | 2 | |
| 8311909482 | Bills of exchange (economic) | purchase imported goods without the hazards of carrying an expensive medium of exchange | 3 | |
| 8311909483 | Credit (economic) | Trade in luxury goods was also facilitated by innovations in forms of this... | 4 | |
| 8311912686 | Banking house (economic) | A merchant would place his wealth in the safe keeping of a ________________________ which would in turn issue a bill of credit that could be used to purchase goods "imported from outside the local economy. | 5 | |
| 8311916271 | Paper money (economic)/currency | Developed in China to solve the problem of heavy metal coinage. The printing could indicate the value of a hundred or even thousands of coins. Paper currency was born. | 6 | |
| 8311920686 | Hanseatic League | On the northern shore of Western Europe a more organized alliance of commercial cities formed called the ___________________________________. It included cities from London to Novgorod Russia, and many in between along the North and Baltic Seas. The League was established to protect trade between member cities. It had is own court system to settle disputes and could summon military force to protect any of its members. Northern European trade focused on furs coming in from Russia, timbers from Sweden and Norway needed for ship building, and the bountiful fish pulled from the waters of the North Sea. | 7 | |
| 8311925826 | Grand Canal | Chinese example of a massive engineering projects to increase trade. Started in the classical period and continued on as a significant trade resource during the Post-Classical period. | 8 | |
| 8311925827 | Scandinavian Vikings | The expansion of these people connected several regional trading zones in Eurasia by linking Byzantine, Islamic, Northern European, and Central Asian routes via the Russians. The migrations of these people was made possible by a remarkable vessel, the Longship | 9 | |
| 8311929773 | Berbers (trade) | Tribes of North Africa who made the most of this imported animal. Camels allowed them to organize regular caravan crossings of the Sahara Desert. Using camels and taking advantage of oasis stops, these people along with the Arabs created a systematic network for caravans across the Sahara. | 10 | |
| 8311932575 | camels | Well adapted to arid environments. In the heat of a desert, this animal's body will rise up to six degrees Fahrenheit to reduce the loss of water through perspiration. Additionally, the kidneys of a this animal concentrate urine to extract as much water as possible. This animal can drink up to fifty gallons of water at a time and easily endure days--sometimes weeks--without water. They have the capacity to close their nostrils, giving them protection from desert sandstorms. | 11 | |
| 8311937440 | horses (Central Asia trade) | For the nomadic tribes of Central Asian this animal was the center of life, and had significant economic benefits as well. Pastoral people found that a man could herd a group of animals much better than a man on foot. The flesh of this animal flesh and milk were important parts of their diet and the hides provided them with clothing and leather. | 12 | |
| 8311942828 | Bantu-speaking people (diffusion of technology) | The migration of these people across Africa, which was a protracted movement of people lasting about 2000 years, disseminated iron making technology across the continent. | 13 | |
| 8311951469 | Polynesian people | Significant migration across the the Pacific Ocean. From their origins in East Asia, probably Taiwan, these people spent several centuries "island hoping" to Fiji, Somoa, and Tahiti. By 500 C.E. they had reached the Hawaiian Islands. Along with their migration, diffusion of plants and domesticated animals occurred throughout the Pacific. | 14 | |
| 8311961349 | Arab Empire (expansion) | Rapid spread from its place of origin- Arabian Peninsula- into Byzantine provinces, North Africa, and even into Iberia (Spain). The armies of the Umayyad Caliphate took the Byzantine city of Damascus in 636 and Jerusalem two years later. In order to deprive the Byzantine Empire from a major source of grain and to secure a location for future conquests of North Africa, the Umayyads turned next to Egypt. Tripoli fell in 643 and all of North Africa within the next 75 years. | 15 | |
| 8311966067 | Muslim merchant communities in Indian Ocean region | Through commercial connections, Islam spread from India to Indonesia; Muslim merchants took the faith to the Philippines. | 16 | |
| 8311966068 | Ibn Battuta | Born in Northwest Africa (present day Morocco) in 1304. At the age of 22 he departed for his haj to Mecca, a journey that would end up taking him much farther than he had planned. Seven years later he arrived in Delhi with an entourage of 40 companions, male and female slaves, over 1000 horses, crates of luxury items to give as gifts, and dozens of pack animals including camels. His total travels would take him 24 years and 75 thousand miles across the Islamic world. He was able to travel this distance because of a network hostels and schools (masadras) across the Muslim world. | 17 | |
| 8311968490 | Marco Polo | European welcomed to the court of Kublai Khan. His writings informed Europeans of Mongol political, social, culture, and economic systems. | 18 | |
| 8311968491 | Xuanzang | 19 | ||
| 8311972304 | Spread of Christianity | 20 | ||
| 8311977561 | Neo-Confucianism | 21 | ||
| 8311983406 | Influence of Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America | 22 | ||
| 8311985800 | Bananas | 23 | ||
| 8311985801 | Rice | 24 | ||
| 8311988840 | Cotton | 25 | ||
| 8311988841 | sugar | 26 | ||
| 8311995055 | citrus | 27 | ||
| 8311995056 | Sui Dynasty | 28 | ||
| 8311997851 | Tang Dynasty | Reinstated the tradition of using a Confucian bureaucracy in China's political system. The Confucian civil service exams were brought back, and candidates studied Confucian classics with the hope of meriting an esteemed post in the Chinese government. | 29 | |
| 8312013257 | Al-Andalus | Known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south. | 30 | |
| 8312013258 | Ming Admiral Zheng He | Led the Chinese commissioned 7 major voyages. With an estimated 317 ships and a staff of 27,000 men, he set out to establish the reputation of the Ming in the Indian Ocean. He sailed initially to southeast Asia and India but his final three voyages reached as far as the Swahili coast of east Africa. Unlike the European voyages that began a few decades later, these Chinese expeditions were not driven by attempts to conquer or win converts. | 31 | |
| 8312019333 | Abbasid Dynasty | Capital in Baghdad; overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750; ended in 1258 due to Mongol conquest. (377) | 32 | |
| 8312023165 | Greco-Islamic medicine in Western Europe | Because of Islamic advancement in this field, Europeans incorporated many of the practices. First spreading through Spain, and than later throughout Europe during the 15th century. | 33 | |
| 8312028163 | Islamic scientific knowledge in Mongol China | Kublai Khan brought these intellectuals to advance the fields of medicine and astronomy in China. | 34 | |
| 8312028164 | Chinampa field systems | rectangular, raised garden beds in swampland or shallow water used by Aztecs to grow crops. | 35 | |
| 8312031762 | Horse collar | Most likely originated in China. Applied to a domesticated animal for more rigorous agriculture. (439) | 36 | |
| 8312035614 | Three field rotation | Developed in Europe. System which allows considerably more land to be planted at any one time. Growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. (440) | 37 | |
| 8312039543 | Swamp draining | part of Mayan agriculture practices | 38 | |
| 8312043709 | mit'a | a labor service (Inca Empire) | 39 | |
| 8312043710 | footbinding | Chinese expression of a tightening patriarchy; During Song Dynasty, this practice found general acceptance among elites and later throughout all society; new image of female beauty that emphasized small size, frailty, and deference and served to keep women restricted to the "inner quarters" where Confucian tradition asserted women belonged. (331) | 40 | |
| 8312047047 | Female monastic orders (nuns) | vow to a life of poverty, chastity, and obedience within a convent; relative freedom from male control; women could exercise authority | 41 | |
| 8312082440 | Divorce for both men and women in some Muslim states | 42 | ||
| 8312095778 | Cahokia | approximately 900-1250, at the confluence of the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers; widespread trade network- shells, copper, buffalo hides, obsidian, and mica. | 43 | |
| 8312135353 | quipus | knotted cords used to record numerical data (Aztec) | 44 | |
| 8312183126 | Teotihuacan | in central Mexico; major center for trade | 45 | |
| 8312195591 | pochteca | professional merchants (Aztecs) | 46 | |
| 8312209542 | Jenne-Jeno | (commercial West Africa) crucial point on the Niger River where goods were transshipped from boat to donkey or vice versa | 47 | |
| 8312226885 | Mediterranean basin (economic exchange) | ceramics, glassware, wine, gold, olive oil | 48 | |
| 8312228792 | East Africa (economic exchange) | ivory, gold, iron goods, slaves, tortoiseshells, quartz, leopard skins | 49 | |
| 8313707946 | "relay trade" | goods passed down the line, changing hands many times before reaching the final destination. (Strayer, pg 284) | 50 | |
| 8313725494 | Silk Road | extensive and sustained networks of exchange among diverse people; land-based trade routes linked pastoral and agricultural peoples as well as large civilizations. (Strayer, pg 284) | 51 | |
| 8313751289 | Primarily in-charge of every step of silk production | Chinese women (Strayer, 286) | 52 | |
| 8313782400 | Sogdians | A central Asian people whose merchants established an enduring network of exchange with China. Practiced Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and local traditions as well as Buddhism. (pg 288) | 53 | |
| 8313801105 | Mahayana Buddhism | features the Buddha as a deity, numerous bodhisattvas, an emphasis on compassion, and the possibility of earning merit. (This form of Buddhism flourished on the Silk Road.) (289-290) | 54 | |
| 8313828630 | Black Death (land dissemination) | associated with the Mongol Empire, which unified much of Eurasia, spread from China to Europe. (290-291) | 55 | |
| 8313837325 | Sea Roads | transoceanic trade routes | 56 | |
| 8313850756 | Sufism | A method for experiencing the divine. It placed mystical experiences of God over doctrinal purity. | 57 | |
| 8330237983 | diasporic merchant communities | Communities of traders from a common culture living together outside their native homeland. They formed in ports, cities, and other important locations along major trade routes. Examples are communities of Jews living in Muslim Cairo, or an enclave of Muslim merchants living in Calicut on the coast of South Asia | 58 | |
| 8330279178 | Islam | Meaning surrender, because of their submission to God's demand that human beings "behave to one another with justice, equity and compassion." | 59 | |
| 8330337937 | Trans-Saharan Network | Islam played a primary role in this increase. During the Umayyad Caliphate Islam came to north Africa and reinvigorated trade. Caravan crossings of the Sahara desert increased the trade in gold, salt, ivory and slaves. Along these same routes, Islam spread to sub-Saharan portions of west Africa. For the first time, empires emerged under the Sarah desert, in large part because Islam brought the means to empower local kings and provide a point of unity. | 60 | |
| 8330345451 | Indian Ocean Network | The dominate network of trade in the post-classical period. In terms of the volume of trade, the number of people involved, and the interaction of various cultures, | 61 | |
| 8330394893 | equal field system | In this system, the government owned all the land but periodically redistributed it to families according to their need. This provided for a fairer distribution of land and a more equitable method of taxation (although the basis for calculating the tax was an issue of intense debate during the Tang.) | 62 | |
| 8330401399 | Tributary System | Based on their belief that Chinese civilization was superior to others, but barbarian and non-Chinese people could have access to Chinese ways providing they ceremonially recognized the supremacy of China and paid tribute to the emperor. | 63 | |
| 8330420845 | Code of Justinian | Gave order and security to a collection of diverse peoples across the breadth of the empire. It punished dishonest tax collectors and encouraged honest trade. "Rape was punished by death and confiscation of property, and the proceeds were given to the injured woman." What was entirely new about the Code was its enactment of Christianity morality into Roman civil law. It enforced the Church's views on divorce, adultery and homosexuality, and the Church's property was protected as a permanent holding. Death, torture and mutilation were common punishments. This was an innovation but one built upon one of Rome's most successful traditions: law. | 64 | |
| 8330427445 | Caeseropapism | The vesting of political and religious authority under a single figure | 65 | |
| 8330434705 | Dar al-Islam | The rapid rise of Islamic civilization | 66 | |
| 8330441413 | Caliph | Since the idea of another prophet was inconceivable, a "deputy" or __________________ was chosen to lead the Muslim community | 67 | |
| 8330491814 | Shia | A branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali as his successor (Imam). | 68 | |
| 8330491815 | Sunni | Adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr (who was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. community consensus) to be the correct Caliph. | 69 | |
| 8330518176 | Battle of Tours | Umayyad conquests in Europe were limited to Spain by the _____________________ (732) in which the Franks routed the Muslim armies and turned them back across the Pyrenees Mountains. | 70 | |
| 8330537997 | Yuan | Chinggis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan established the _______________ Dynasty and ruled China directly | 71 | |
| 8330551189 | Feudalism | This system developed because of a need for security from Vikings from Scandinavia or Magyars from central Europe. People looked to local landowners to provide them with protection and they in turn gave their labor to the landlord. | 72 | |
| 8330565000 | samurai | Japanese military caste | 73 | |
| 8330594474 | Taika Reforms | Japanese government's reform based on Chinese successes. | 74 | |
| 8330619479 | Crusades | a series of religious wars launched initially to route Muslims from the Holy Land (Jerusalem). | 75 | |
| 8330662894 | Champa Rice | The Tang Dynasty invaded Vietnam. There they discovered a variety of rice that ripens in less than 60 days. The Chinese transplanted this rice back to China where it increased the food supply by allowing two harvests in a single season. | 76 | |
| 8330680186 | waru waru | In the Andean areas of South America, the Peruvians developed the ___________________________ system of agriculture. Living thousands of feet above sea level, water supply was scarce and drought a consistent problem. Rather than raising islands above the water, the Peruvians raised beds of soil and collected fluvial water or rainwater around the beds to keep them irrigated and control erosion. | 77 | |
| 8330698127 | chinampa field system | In Mesoamerica the Aztecs pioneered another innovation in food production by turning shallow lakes into productive agricultural centers. By raking the muck from the bottom of the lake into mounds that rose above the surface, they could use these small fertile "islands" to grow crops. During normal conditions, the problem of irrigation was non-existent. This ___________________________ allowed the marshy wetlands around Lake Texoco to be used for growing beans, maize, squash, peppers and tomatoes. | 78 |
