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| 9552496853 | Dhimmis | Jewish and Christian communities in the Islamic caliphates. They were given some protections, but they were expected to pay a jizyah or mlitary replacement tax to the sultan. | 0 | |
| 9552513185 | Polygyny | The practice of marrying several wieves for the purpose of reproduction. | 1 | |
| 9552515650 | Feudalism | The social system in the Post-Classical world of landowners renting land to peasant workers. | 2 | |
| 9552543589 | Vassals and serfs | The two lasses of teh Post-Classical world. The vassals owned the land, and the serfs sold their labor through rent to the vassals. | 3 | |
| 9552549142 | Patriarchy | A cultural and social system in which power is defined through fathers and "masculine" values. | 4 | |
| 9552553822 | Kowtow | The Chinese practice of bowing to the emperor as one approached hi in order to show subordination to this power. | 5 | |
| 9552560959 | Foot binding | The practice of upper-class women having their feet broken and bound. This started in the T'ang Dynasty in China. It created a class divide between upper-class women and middle-class merchant women. | 6 | |
| 9552579412 | Caeseropapism | The practice of the emperor choosing the bishops. This owas only practiced in Byzantium, where the emperor gave a blessing to the bishops chosen by the patriarch ,the leader of the Eastern Orthodox church. It led to a centralzation of power for the emperor. | 7 | |
| 9552591716 | Caliphates | Islamic kngdoms and empires after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. | 8 | |
| 9552602632 | Abbasids | The second Islamic caliphate. It was a Shiite caliphate. Its capital was in Baghdad. | 9 | |
| 9552605997 | Umayyads | The first Islamic caliphate. It was a Sunni kingdom. Its capital was in Damascus. | 10 | |
| 9552612524 | Sultan | The leader of the Ottoman Empire. He was considered to be the messenger of Allah and the Prophet Muhammad. | 11 | |
| 9552634709 | Baghdad | The capital of the Shiite caliphate, the Abbasids. | 12 | |
| 9552657547 | Damascus | The capital of the Sunni caliphate, the Umayyads. | 13 | |
| 9552677890 | Ghana | Post-Classical African empire involved in gold mining and trade on the Western coast. | 14 | |
| 9552686004 | Mali | Western African kingdom that would centralize the tribes. It became the Western end to the Trans-Saharan trade route. | 15 | |
| 9552705888 | Mansa Musa | The king who unite Mali on the Western coast of Africa with the Middle East. He established a trade route between these two regions that expanded the gold trade. And, he brought Islam to Western Africa. | 16 | |
| 9552751702 | Sundiata | He centralized the ribes into the kingdom of Mali and created the conditions for Mansa Musa to create the Trans-Saharan trade route. | 17 | |
| 9552779948 | Sui, T'ang, and Song dynasties | The Post-Classical dynasties for China. They similiarily looked to expand outward into areas like Vietname, Korea, Tibet, and Manchuria. | 18 | |
| 9552786934 | Yuan Dynasty | The dynasty in China created by the Mongol invasion. It would be led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan. | 19 | |
| 9552793066 | Daimyo | Local governors in Japan. They would rule over a small province. They fought with the emperor for local control. For most of Japan's history, they held most of the power. | 20 | |
| 9552799091 | Taika reforms | The Japanese emperor tried to centralize Jpana by initiating the Taika reforms. These were a series of laws that created a merit-based system similiar to the Confucian system in China. | 21 | |
| 9552825923 | Fujiwara | One of the Japanese clans that attempted to unite the Japanese island. | 22 | |
| 9552829165 | Bushido code | A political/cultural system of nationalism in Japan that tried to unite the local clans into one Japanese identity. | 23 | |
| 9552837131 | Charles Martel | 686 to 741 B.C.E The French king who stopped the Islamic invastion from Spain into France at the Battle of Tours. | 24 | |
| 9552849865 | Charlemagne | 742 to 814 The French emperor who united much of Europe during the early 9th century. He created teh Treaty of Verdun, but it was signed after his death by his son. Charlemagne's vision was to resurrect the Roman Empire, but his son later divided the empire to create the basis of the modern boundaries of European nation-states. | 25 | |
| 9552867879 | Holy Roman Empire | Charlemagne had hoped to resurrect the Roman Empire in Central Europe. The empire was never united but remained fragmented up to the Protestant Reformation, when the relious wars separated and fragmented. | 26 | |
| 9552881015 | Hundred Years War | 1337 to 1453 The long conflict between the kingdoms of England and France over the succession of the French throne. | 27 | |
| 9552887329 | War of the Roses | 1455 to 1487 The Civil War in England between the House of York and House of Lancaster. This war took place in the context of the Hundred Years War and it established the national identity for England. | 28 | |
| 9552902236 | Crusades | 1095 to 1291 The religious wars between Western Catholic Europe and the Islamic Turks over the holy lands in Jerusalem. | 29 | |
| 9552918332 | Ali | One of the four Rightly Chosen. He became the Leader of teh Shiite movement, claiming he was the next leader because he was the cousing and son-in-law of Muhammad. Ali claimed that ledership in Islam should come from the bloodline of Muhammad. | 30 | |
| 9552929143 | Sunni vs. Shiite | These two sects claimied different justifictions for leadership in Islam. Sunni Muslilms claimed that is was based on spontaneous and organic leadership from Allah. Shiite Muslims claimed it was from the bloodline of Muhammad. | 31 | |
| 9552944660 | Western Catholocism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity | These two sides of Christianity were united in Rome until the Great Schism in 104 C.E. Western Rome claimed absolute authority in the papacy. Eastern Orthodoxy, located in Byzantium, claimed shared power among the bishops. | 32 | |
| 9552983162 | Great Schism | The break between the Western and Eastern churches in 1054 C.E | 33 | |
| 9552986782 | Kaaba | The main monument or black box in Saudi Arabia that housed the statues to the Quraysh tribes. Muhammad changed this to the monument to Allah. | 34 | |
| 9552994358 | Quran | The main holy book or scriptures of the Islamic faith. | 35 | |
| 9552997510 | Hadith | The sayings of Muhammad used to develop Islamic doctrine. While some are authentic, others are falsely attributed to Muammad. | 36 | |
| 9553022862 | Five Pillars | The principal beliefs of Islam. Shahadah: sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith Salat: peforming ritual prayers in the proper way five times each day Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan Hajj: Pilgriamge to Mecca | 37 | |
| 9577263688 | Sharia | The laws of Islam. They come from the principle of Shariah in the Quran as a method for determining and iterpreting legal matters based on the faith | 38 | |
| 9577274950 | Imam | The priests who are the leaders of Islamic communities | 39 | |
| 9577276267 | Ummah | The Islamic community. The Quran calls for people to look out for the needs of the community as well as the individual. | 40 | |
| 9577316424 | Four Rightly Guided Caliphs | The first four caliphs after Muhammad's death. They included Uthman, Bakr, Umar, and Ali. | 41 | |
| 9577319311 | Abu Bakr | The father-in-law of Muhammad and the first leader of Islam following Muhammad's death. | 42 | |
| 9577332248 | Investiture Controversy | The Roman Catholic controversy - when kings tried to appoint their own bishops and weaken the power of the pope. The kings failed, but they created the foundation for the Protestandt Reformation. | 43 | |
| 9577348524 | Papacy | The pope of the Catholic and Western Roman church. The papacy was viewed as the leader of the bishops and was more like a pyramid, with the pope at the top. | 44 | |
| 9577355048 | Patriarch | The leader of the eastern Orthodox Church. He sharse power with the other bishops. | 45 | |
| 9577358088 | Proto-Industrialization | The increasing production of goods by rural househholds through the putting-out system and other methods. Generallyl regarded ast eh first step toward industrialization. While this primarily took place in Western Europe, there are examples of proto-industrialization in other socieites, including the Grand Canal in China. | 46 | |
| 9577369808 | Grand Canal | The Chinese creation of a trade route or canal between Northern and Southern China. It was created during the Post-Classical Age to connect the areas conquered by China. | 47 | |
| 9577375186 | Swahili city-states | The port cities established by the Bantu tribes that moved to Eastern Africa. These cities would trade with other regions over the Indian Ocean trade route. | 48 | |
| 9577381849 | Manors | A large estate including a manor house and the surrounding lands where a lord provided land for production and rent of peasants' labor. | 49 | |
| 9577396572 | Hanseatic League | A league or confederation of Northern European states in trade. | 50 | |
| 9577401707 | Marco Polo | 1254 to 1324 An exploror who traveled along the Silk roads. Marco Polo discovered the connection to Kublai Khan and teh Yuan Dynasty. He brought back major navigational technologies to Europe that led to exploration. | 51 | |
| 9577410528 | Three-field system | A system of farming where crops were rotated between fields and on of the fields would be allowed to lie bare for a yar to replenish itself. | 52 | |
| 9577420435 | Black Death | The microbaial disease passed from China to Europe through the Indian Ocean and Silk Raods trade routes. | 53 |
