The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 9868411302 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 0 | |
| 9868411303 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 1 | |
| 9868411304 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 2 | |
| 9868411305 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 3 | |
| 9868411306 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 4 | |
| 9868411307 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 5 | |
| 9868411308 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 6 | |
| 9868411309 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 7 | |
| 9868411310 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 8 | |
| 9868411311 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 9 | |
| 9868411312 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 10 | |
| 9868411313 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 11 | |
| 9868411314 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 12 | |
| 9868411315 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 13 | |
| 9868411316 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 14 | |
| 9868411317 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 15 | |
| 9868411318 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 16 | |
| 9868411319 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 17 | |
| 9868411320 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 18 | |
| 9868411321 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 19 | |
| 9868411322 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 20 | |
| 9868411323 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 21 | |
| 9868411324 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 22 | |
| 9868411325 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 23 | |
| 9868411326 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 24 | |
| 9868411327 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 25 | |
| 9868411328 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 26 | |
| 9868411329 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 27 | |
| 9868411330 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 28 | |
| 9868411331 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 29 | |
| 9868411332 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 30 | |
| 9868411333 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 31 | |
| 9868411334 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 32 | |
| 9868411335 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 33 | |
| 9868411336 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 34 | |
| 9868411337 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 35 | |
| 9868411338 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 36 | |
| 9868411339 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 37 | |
| 9868411340 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 38 | |
| 9868411341 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 39 | |
| 9868411342 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 40 | |
| 9868411343 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 41 | |
| 9868411344 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 42 | |
| 9868411345 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 43 | |
| 9868411346 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 44 | |
| 9868411347 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 45 | |
| 9868411348 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 46 | |
| 9868411349 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 47 | |
| 9868411350 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 48 | |
| 9868411351 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 49 | |
| 9868411352 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 50 | |
| 9868411353 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 51 | |
| 9868411354 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 52 | |
| 9868411355 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 53 | |
| 9868411356 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 54 | |
| 9868411357 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 55 | |
| 9868411358 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 56 | |
| 9868411359 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 57 | |
| 9868411360 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 58 | |
| 9868411368 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 59 | |
| 9868411369 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 60 | |
| 9868411361 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 61 | |
| 9868411362 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 62 | |
| 9868411363 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 63 |
| 9868411370 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 64 | |
| 9868411364 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 65 | |
| 9868411365 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 66 | |
| 9868411366 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 67 | |
| 9868411371 | Bantu Migrations |  | 68 | |
| 9868411367 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 69 |
