The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 7893360318 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 7893360319 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 7893360320 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 7893360321 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 7893360322 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 7893360323 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 7893360324 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 7893360325 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 7893360326 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 7893360327 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 7893360328 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 7893360329 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 7893360330 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 7893360331 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 7893360332 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 7893360333 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 7893360334 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 7893360335 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 7893360336 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 7893360337 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 7893360338 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 7893360339 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 7893360340 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 22 | |
| 7893360341 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 23 | |
| 7893360342 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 24 | |
| 7893360343 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 25 | |
| 7893360344 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 26 | |
| 7893360345 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 27 | |
| 7893360346 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 28 | |
| 7893360347 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 29 | |
| 7893360348 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 30 | |
| 7893360349 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 31 | |
| 7893360350 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 32 | |
| 7893360351 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 33 | |
| 7893360352 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 34 | |
| 7893360353 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 35 | |
| 7893360354 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 36 | |
| 7893360355 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 37 | |
| 7893360356 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 38 | |
| 7893360357 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 39 | |
| 7893360358 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 40 | |
| 7893360359 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 41 | |
| 7893360360 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 42 | |
| 7893360361 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 43 | |
| 7893360362 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 44 | |
| 7893360363 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 45 | |
| 7893360364 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 46 | |
| 7893360365 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 47 | |
| 7893360366 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 48 | |
| 7893360367 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 49 | |
| 7893360368 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 50 | |
| 7893360369 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 51 | |
| 7893360370 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 52 | |
| 7893360371 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 53 | |
| 7893360372 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 54 | |
| 7893360373 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 55 | |
| 7893360374 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 56 | |
| 7893360375 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 57 | |
| 7893360376 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 58 | |
| 7893360377 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 59 | |
| 7893360378 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 60 | |
| 7893360379 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 61 | |
| 7893360380 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 62 | |
| 7893360381 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 63 | |
| 7893360382 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 64 | |
| 7893360383 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 65 | |
| 7893360384 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 66 | |
| 7893360385 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 67 | |
| 7893360386 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 68 | |
| 7893360387 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 69 | |
| 7893360388 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 70 | |
| 7893360389 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 71 | |
| 7893360390 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 72 | |
| 7893360391 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | 73 | |
| 7893360392 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 74 | |
| 7893360393 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 75 | |
| 7893360394 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 76 | |
| 7893360395 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 77 | |
| 7893360396 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 78 | |
| 7893360397 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 79 | |
| 7893360398 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 80 | |
| 7893360399 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 81 | |
| 7893360400 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 82 | |
| 7893360401 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 83 | |
| 7893360402 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 84 | |
| 7893360403 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 85 | |
| 7893360404 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | 86 | |
| 7893360405 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 87 | |
| 7893360406 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 88 | |
| 7893360407 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 89 | |
| 7893360408 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 90 | |
| 7893360409 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 91 | |
| 7893360410 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | 92 | |
| 7893360411 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | 93 | |
| 7893360412 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 94 | |
| 7893360413 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 95 | |
| 7893360414 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 96 | |
| 7893360415 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 97 | |
| 7893360416 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 98 | |
| 7893360417 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 99 | |
| 7893360418 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 100 | |
| 7893360419 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 101 | |
| 7893360420 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 102 | |
| 7893360421 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 103 | |
| 7893360422 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 104 | |
| 7893360423 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 105 | |
| 7893360424 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 106 | |
| 7893360425 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 107 | |
| 7893360426 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 108 | |
| 7893360427 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 109 | |
| 7893360428 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 110 | |
| 7893360429 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 111 | |
| 7893360430 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 112 | |
| 7893360431 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 113 | |
| 7893360432 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 114 |
| 7893360433 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 115 | |
| 7893360434 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 116 | |
| 7893360436 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 117 | |
| 7893360437 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 118 | |
| 7893360438 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 119 | |
| 7893360439 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 120 | |
| 7893360440 | Bantu Migrations |  | 121 | |
| 7893360441 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 122 |
| 7893360442 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 123 | |
| 7893367336 | Afro-Eurasia trade | Mediterranean sea trade routes, Trans-Saharan Trade routes, Indian Ocean trade routes, and Silk Road trade routes | 124 | |
| 7893369891 | Conquered Aztec people | Conquered peoples and cities were required to provide labor for Aztec projects and to regularly deliver to their Aztec rulers impressive quantities of textiles and clothing, military supplies, jewelry and other luxuries, various foodstuffs, animal products, building materials, rubber balls, paper, and more. | 125 | |
| 7893373610 | Largest Aztec market place | Tlatelolco | 126 | |
| 7893377783 | Human sacrifice in Aztecs | human sacrifice assumed an unusually prominent role in Aztec public life and thought during the fifteenth century | 127 | |
| 7893381111 | Aztec patron deity | Huitzilopochtli | 128 | |
| 7893384269 | Abbasid rule | The Abbasid historical period lasting to the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age. | 129 | |
| 7893405183 | High middle ages | Norman conquests in Britain and Sicily, the Crusades, nearly every corner of Europe had become Christianized, feudalism | 130 | |
| 7893457491 | Mughal empire | Indian empire, governed by non-Muslim populations. It started in 1526 and gave India unity for 150 years as well as incorporated Islamic beliefs. | 131 | |
| 7893507072 | 132 |
