IMPORTANT: These terms and definitions are copied verbatim from Katie Myers' study guide, which is verbatim of YOUR terms and definitions. So, before you point fingers at either Katie or me...remember that we just typed what YOU posted. In addition, "Ashoka" is incomplete (there is not definition), but we do not have to know that term. Furthermore, there appears to be two "Little Ice Ages". ETERNAL SUFFERERS...GOOD LUCK!!!
Terms : Hide Images
| 2297240992 | Silk Road | Cause- The trading demands of Chinese eagerness for western products, especially horses, and on the western end, the organized Parthian state, which had captured the flourishing markets of Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. Also in Roman times, Europeans became captivated by the idea of a trade route linking the lands of the Mediterranean with China by way of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. Definition- Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. Consequences- an exchange of culture, goods, ideas and technology across Europe and all of Asia, especially the religion Islam | 0 | |
| 2297240993 | Mediterranean Sea Trade | Cause: demand for more money, the want/need for new goods, need for a quicker and more efficient way to trade goods; Definition: a series of trade routes extending from the Straits of Gibraltar, near Spain, to the Red Sea. The routes extended from all areas and led in different directions; Consequence: the diffusion of religions, new ideas, and goods | 1 | |
| 2297240994 | Trans Sahara Trade | Cause: A need for goods that they didn't have. They had a great demand for salt, so they traded it. Definition: Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across Sahara. Consequence: Trade of ideas culture, and religion diffused everywhere. There was domestication for the camels. | 2 | |
| 2297240995 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade | Cause: The rise in prosperity of Asian, European, and African states. The construction of larger ships made shipments of bulk cargoes more profitable. The collapse of the Mongol Empire declined overland trade (silk road). Definition:In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and Maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. Consequence:Decentralized government in the area, tying it all together by commercial interests rather than political. Spread of Islam. Extremely mixed culture and mixed families from muslim traders who could have 3 wives thus making homogenous families and culture | 3 | |
| 2297240996 | Novgorod | Cause: It is a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. Definition: One of Russia's oldest cities. Consequence: Its downfall was from its inability to feed its large population | 4 | |
| 2297240997 | Timbuktu | Cause - The Mali Empire rose to power in West Africa through extensive wealth and its chosen capital, Timbuktu, rose with it. Definition - The Mali Empire Capital which had an Islamic government and was the learning center of Mali with books being the most profitable items as well as housing over 150 Quranic schools. Consequences - Increase in literacy through education and literary works. Also, Timbuktu was a center of Islamic learning which helped to facilitate the spread of Islam throughout the region. | 5 | |
| 2297240998 | Swahili city states | Cause: Increase in expansion and trade along the East African coast. Definition: Independent Muslim city-states along the Swahili coast that are known for being prosperous cosmopolitan states. Its main exports include ebony, gold, ivory, and sandalwood. Consequences: The Development of 3-4 story masonry buildings that replaced African huts. Growing presence of imported glass beads and Chinese porcelain. Words from Arabic and Persian diffuse into African languages | 6 | |
| 2297240999 | Melaka (Malacca) | Cause: Prosperous trade between the East and the West along the Indian Ocean Maritime System required trading cities in Southeast Asia to direct and support trade. Definition: A wealthy, flourishing entrepôt city in Southeast Asia that conducted trade between Eastern Asia, namely China, and the other trading cities to the west. Melaka was known for its great cultural diversity, housing many different merchant ethnicities and over 84 languages. Consequence: It allowed for increased prosperity in trade along the Indian Ocean Maritime System, and formed a city of rich diversity were ideas and technologies were quickly passed on. | 7 | |
| 2297241000 | Venice | Cause: overpopulation in other Italian cities so settlers organized themselves in Venice. Definition: dominant sea power in the meditteranean with their ships for maritime commerce Consequence: a powerful, important trading city in the maritime system that provided competition for leadership in trade with Muslim ports | 8 | |
| 2297241001 | Tenochtitlan | Cause: The Aztecs' need to centralize and organize the clans that made up the Aztecs. Definition: One of two Astec capitals, it is near the shore of Lake Texcoco. Constustion of Tenochtitlan began in 1325 C.E. Consequence: A centralized Aztec goverment, population increase, long distance trade, and farmers fored to move to city. | 9 | |
| 2297241002 | Cahokia | Cause: The urbanization of Mississippian sites developed from the accumulated effects of small increases in agricultural productivity, the adoption of the bow and arrow, and the expansion of trade networks. Definition: Mississippian culture reached its highest state or evolution at the great urban center of Cahokia, located near the modern city of St. Louis, Illinois. Consequence: This cities decline led to the development of Andean civilizations in South America. | 10 | |
| 2297241003 | Cotton textiles | ... | 11 | |
| 2297241004 | Porcelain | Cause: this export would bring in good revenue; money. The want for money. Definition: Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials.; it was a luxury good. Porcelain was manufactured during the Tang Dynasty. Consequence: a wanted good around the world; brought in good money for the chinese | 12 | |
| 2297241005 | Caravanserai | Cause: Large groups of traders traveling along the Silk Road needed places to stay and rest. Definition: Roadside inns where travelers could rest and recover after a day's journey. They were found in North Africa, Asia, Middle East and South Eastern Europe, mainly found along the Silk Road. Consequence: Easier and safer traveling along the Silk Road. | 13 | |
| 2297241006 | Banking houses | Cause: Evolved from wealthy merchant-bankers needing a way to change, keep and loan money. Jews became bankers because the Christian bankers needed a way to get around the Church's interest laws and Jews weren't bound by Church law. Definition: Handled the financial transactions of a variety of merchants as well as of ecclesiastical and secular officials. Specialized in money changing, loans, and investments. The banks originally asked for "gifts" of money to be included when a loan was repaid until they hired Jews worked as moneylenders. Consequence: Florence became a center of new banking services, from checking accounts and shareholding companies to improved bookkeeping. Therefore trade was able to increase and stock exchanges were developed. The Medici family operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and London and became important patrons of the arts. The greatest banking family in Western Europe was the Fuggers of Augsburg, who had ten times the Medici bank's leading capital. This enabled them to branch into other activities such as trade of Hungarian copper, which was essential for casting cannon. However, despite the money of some, western European cities remained impoverished. | 14 | |
| 2297241007 | Coins | Cause: Abundance of metals and need for stabilizing the economy Definition: Metal materials used to facilitate trade. Consequences: Facilitate trade, increased trade began use of paper money. Led to shortage in trade metals (China) and led to rise of value in copper. | 15 | |
| 2297241008 | Paper money | Cause: Ghazan faced many economic problems. Citing the humane values of Islam, he promised to reduce taxes, but the need for revenues kept the decrease from being permanent. He decided to use paper money even though he previously witnessed the failure of a predecessor's experiment with the Chinese practice of using paper money. Definition: Currency in paper form, as government and bank notes. Consequence: The Il-khan subjects had no previous exposure to paper money and responded negatively. The economy quickly sank into a depression that lasted beyond the end of the Il-khan state in 1349. | 16 | |
| 2297241009 | Hanseatic League | Cause: The sea trade of Genoa on the west coast of Italy equaled that of Venice and therefore Genoese merchants established colonies on the shores of eastern and western Medditerranean. Definition:In northern Europe an association of trading cities that traded extensively in the Baltic. Consequence: Trading fairs developed in Champagne which later came under the control of France. | 17 | |
| 2297241010 | Viking Longships | Cause: The Vikings wanted a vessel that could help them to sail long distances and go through rough waters so that they could invade Western Europe and raid monasteries, villages, and towns. The Vikings also sought booty and slaves and the invention of a useful ship could help them obtain these things. Definition: Versatile vessels that could brave the stormy North Atlantic and also maneuver up rivers to attack inland towns. Consequence: The Viking longships were the first European ships to reach North America and because of these ships the Vikings, also called sea raiders, raided hundreds of monasteries on the English coast. Vikings became wealthy. | 18 | |
| 2297241011 | Umayyad Caliphate | Cause: A need to unite Muslims under one rule Definition: 1st rulers of muslim Calphate Consequences: Spread of Arabic languages, mathematics, intellectual ideas. | 19 | |
| 2297241012 | Bantu Migrations | Cause: Bantu people created Iron and used it for hunting. Other people wanted to use iron like them so iron diffused across Africa as the Bantu people migrated. Definition: Bantu are a group of people from Africa that speak more than 300 languages. The word "bantu" means people. They participated in iron smelting. Consequence: There were now Bantu people across Africa and iron was possessed by people in Africa. | 20 | |
| 2297241013 | Polynesian Migrations | Cause: Needed to expand and settle in each other territories Definition: The indigenous Polynesian people share the same language, culture, and beliefs. Experienced sailors who used celestial navigation and other coordinated voyages when traveling. Consequences: Travel to Minease and Middle Asia where they travel west and east. West they voyaged the I.O. from Madagascar. | 21 | |
| 2297241014 | Swahili Language | Cause: Need for unifying language along Eastern African empires and trading cities. Definition: A Bantu based language that serves as the main language along the east African coast. It is derived mainly from Arabic, but also incorporates Persian German Portuguese English and French words. Consequence: Greater communication between trade cities and empires along the eastern African coast | 22 | |
| 2297241015 | Urdu Language | Cause: Arabic served primarily for religious purposes, while Persian became the language of high culture and was used at court. This caused the coming together of both languages resulting in Urdu. Definition: A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since 1300s. Consequence: It was a unifying communication system because it combined different languages. Syncretism and diffusion of cultures. | 23 | |
| 2297241016 | Islam | Cause: Muhammad the prophet spoke to Allah and the Angel Gabriel and began to preach the word of God and the Quran. Appealed to all people for it brought peace and acceptance. Definition: a monotheistic religion based on the submission to Allah and teachings according to Muhammad that Last Prophet. Consequence: Spread to Asia and the Mediterranean through trade along the IO and Silk Road. Brought city states in Africa literacy through Islamic teachings and also education. | 24 | |
| 2297241017 | Cordoba | Causes: The need for a supplemental support to the Caliphate of Damascus due to overpopulation and e need for a new location to harbor politics and art reform and development, and well as the rapid expansion that the Muslim empire was creating at the time due to religious growth. Definition: Córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkorðoβa]; also Cordova) is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. An Iberian and Roman city in ancient times, in the Middle Ages it became the capital of an Islamic caliphate. ... The old town contains numerous architectural reminders of when Corduba was the capital of Hispania Ulterior during the Roman Republic and capital of Hispania Baetica during the Roman Empire; and when Qurṭuba (قرطبة) was the capital of the Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba, including most of the Iberian peninsula.The city is located on the banks of the Guadalquivir river, and its easy access to the mining resources of the Sierra Morena (coal, lead, zinc) satisfies the population's needs. Consequences: The remains of great historical architecture from the Muslim Empire, as well as various types of Roman epire architecture all which can be seen in wonderful bridges, sculptures, gardens, and churches that showcased the wealth and renaissance with the city. | 25 | |
| 2297241018 | Fujian Merchant Communities | Cause: Demand for goods from the rest of the world. Definition: Major trading center in Fujian province. Consequence: Diffusion of culture, ideas, and religion. | 26 | |
| 2297241019 | Sogdian Merchant Communities | Cause: Buddhism, Islam, and Indian and East Asian cultures influenced the Sogdian culture and shaped it to be cosmopolitan. This took place through the Silk Road bringing these cultures together in Sogdiana who then became heavily involved in trade. Definition: an urban people who lived to the west of the Uighurs that exhibited cosmopolitan enthusiasm for Buddhist teachings, religious arts from northern India, and a mixture of East Asian and Islamic taste in dress; Consequence: the syllabic script of the Sogdians was adopted by the Uighurs and worked into Turkic writing as their culture spread through trading in the Silk Road. | 27 | |
| 2297241020 | Ibn Battuta | Cause: He wanted to make his hajj. The beginning of the growth of different Islamic states were described by ibn Battuta. Definition: An Islamic traveller who went throughout Africa, parts of Asia, and even parts of Europe to explore the Islamic world. Consequence: His journals gave valuable information to the rest of the world of Muslim lands. | 28 | |
| 2297241021 | Marco Polo | Cause: Demand for exploration and search for new goods to be restored. Definition: A Venetian merchant traveler. Consequence: He inspired Christopher Columbus and other explorers. He also made his journey all the way to China. | 29 | |
| 2297241022 | Xuanzang | Cause - Wanted to find sacred Buddhist books around China, as well as learning more about Buddhism and how it reached China. Inspired by Faixan's journey to India. Definition - A 7th Century Buddhist Monk and Scholar who studied different types of Buddhism in China and India and South and Southeast Asia. Decided to take a pilgrimage to places in like India and the Silk Road in 629 to learn more about Buddhism. Consequence - Learned much more about the scriptures that led to Chinese Buddhism and translated many scriptures. He also took note about the political and social aspects of the land he visited. His journey to the silk road inspired the novel "Journey to the West". | 30 | |
| 2297241023 | Neoconfucianism | Consequence: Very influential in cultural and politics stressing rationality and morality. | 31 | |
| 2297241024 | Influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars | Cause: the need for a more widely accepted mathematical principles Definition: the Islamic scholars influenced the greek and indian scholars by trade routes Consequence: sync of accepted mathematical ideas and new mathematical developments | 32 | |
| 2297241025 | Return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia | Cause: increased cross-cultural interactions and trade between western europe and asia and islamic empires diffused technology and ideas into western europe. Definition: After the Muslim conquest of spain in 711 C.E., technology and ideas diffused into the iberian peninsula. These ideas reinvigorated the study of Greek Science and Philosophy into western europe. Consequences: These ideas were syncretized into western european culture and technology. | 33 | |
| 2297241026 | Spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into Islamic empires and Western Europe | Causes: There was a demand for goods and there was a growing interest in education. Warfare was becoming more advanced and they needed new technologies in order to defeat their enemies. Definition: The printing press was originally invented in China but was then diffused into Europe and taken up by Gutenburg in 1452. It soon spread all throughout Europe and was used to copy many books such as the Bible. The invention of Gunpowder was made perhaps as early as during the Tang Dynasty but certainly by the Song Dynasty. Knowledge of gunpowder spread throughout the Old World as a result of the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 14th century. Consequence: The printing press allowed thousands of copies of books to be created which allowed common people to read. Gunpowder was used as firearms and came to dominate Early Modern warfare in Europe by the 17th century. This created more advanced warfare. | 34 | |
| 2297241027 | Dar al-Islam | Cause - After the decline and collapse of several classical empires, new societies rose to take their place; a series of these states were inspired by a new religion, Islam and fashioned their empires in an Islamic fashion. Definition - Arabic term referring to the "House of Islam" and lands under Islamic rule where Muslims could practice freely; had Persian, Greek, and Indian influences Consequences - It provided a cultural and economic unifying force for Eurasia and Africa; also led to the further spread of Islam through missionaries and trade. Trade and literacy increase (due to knowing the Quran) were also evident through Dar-al Islam | 35 | |
| 2297241028 | Black Death | Cause- Europeans weren't immune to the plague which was brought to Europe by the Silk Road and Mongolians. Definition- A pandemic in Europe from 1348-1350 where the bacterium, Yersinia pestis from black rats, spread causing death. The bacterium originated from China and traveled along the Silk Road. There, the bacteria lived on black rats which were carried on the merchant ships all the way to Europe. Consequence- One third of the population in Europe dies and feudalism ends. It also helps Europe's economy. | 36 | |
| 2297241029 | Grand Canal | Cause-During the Warring States period, King of Wu ordered a anal to be built for transporting troops north to attack the state of Qi. Emperors hoped to tighten control over the country and launch wars of expansion against other countries. Also there was a need for a transportation and communication system Definition- 1,100 mile waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. It was first begun in the Han period and finished during the Sui empire. It contributed to the economic and cultural development of eastern China. Consequence- Linked northern and southern economies, aided in the defense and unification of the country; controlled flooding. Open jobs were given to officials for maintenance and administration. Half of the 6 million workers died and it was very expensive to build and maintain; this contributed to the decline of the Sui dynasty. | 37 | |
| 2297241030 | Guilds | Cause: the need for guaranteed standards amongst crafts. Definition: an association of skilled craftsmen in a particular trade. Consequence: the result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities | 38 | |
| 2297241031 | Champagne Fairs | Cause: The need to trade goods throughout western Europe. Definition: Regional markets, meeting once or twice a year, where manufactured goods, livestock, and farm produce were exchanged. Important for currency exchange and other financial transactions. Consequences: Goods diffused throughout western Europe | 39 | |
| 2297241032 | Crusades | Cause: The Holy land was taken out of Christian control and into Muslim control. The reforming leaders of the Latin Church sought to soften the warlike tone of society, ambitious leaders were looking for new land to conquer, and Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in the eastern Mediterranean and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory. Byzantine emperor Alexios I's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. Also, pilgrims to Jerusalem were being killed, and the Pope wanted a stop to this murdering of pilgrims. Definition: (1095-1204) armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule in order to gain control over Christian provinces in the Middle East. Consequence: The Crusades brought an end to Western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. European exposure to Muslim culture, including pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, and preservations of Greek philosophical and scientific works, which stimulated European thought. | 40 | |
| 2297241033 | Little Ice Age | Cause - No agreed cause, but there is a frequently referenced series of events preceding the known climate minima. Definition - a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. A cold period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD, has three cold intervals separated by intervals of slight warming. Consequence - Maritime expansion of Europe and the creation of seaborne trading-Spanish and Portuguese were among the first ones. | 41 | |
| 2297241034 | Buddhist and Christian Monasticism | Cause: ... Christian monasticism: developed in Egypt in the 4th century on the basis of previous religious practices like celibacy, devotion to prayer and isolation from society. Buddhist monasticism: originated in India by Buddha and spread to other places like Southeast Asia. During the Tang dynasty they legitimized their control by Buddhism, and Buddhist monasteries became important allies because the kings were spiritual agents who bring their subjects into a Buddhist realm. Mahayana Buddhism was the important school of Central Asia and East Asia. Also in Eurasia the rise of the mongol rule, they let families believe in two or more religions( Christianity and Buddhism). Definition: Buddhism: That life is full of suffering caused by desire and to end it is through enlightenment. Christians: Derived from Jesus Christ, the following of his teachings and beliefs in the bible through faith. Consequences: Buddhist monasticism: The close relationship with the Tang Empire got Buddhist monasteries tax exemptions, land and gifts. However a Tibetan king wanted to eliminate Buddhism because it attracted hundreds to thousands of people to become monks and nuns because of the tax free land they had. Christian monasticism: it was hard for Catholic hierarchy to exercise oversight over the monasteries in the 11th century. In a positive way, however, monasteries then served as a place of literacy, learning, and a refugee for widowed or vulnerable women. They also functioned as inns and orphanages and managed their own estates of agricultural land. | 42 | |
| 2297241035 | Champa rice | Cause- people wanted a fast growing crop to harvest and trade. Definition-quick-manufacturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state Consequence-growth of population, abundant food supplies, and plentiful harvests even on poorly watered lands | 43 | |
| 2297241036 | Waru Waru | Cause: A need for efficient crop production in crop production in higher altitudes Definition- From the Andean Civilization of the Incas, it is an agricultural technique that combines uses irrigation channels. Consequence: It prevented soil erosion and damage due to floods. Also, this collected water and subsequent drainage. Led to an increase in population. | 44 | |
| 2297241037 | Chinampas | Cause-Aztecs needed a more efficient way of farming to support their population. Definition-"floating gardens in Teotihuacan, narrow artificial islands constructed along lakeshores or in marshes for agriculture. Consequence-this farming technique led to population growth and the needed crops to support the population. | 45 | |
| 2297241038 | Three-field system | Cause-A need of a technological advancement to help feed the growing population of Medieval Europe. Definition-A rotational system used for agriculture in which three fields grow a different crop. Replaced the two field system. Consequence-European population kept increasing and the three fields system got outstripped of resources. | 46 | |
| 2297241039 | Little Ice Age | Cause - No agreed cause, but there is a frequently referenced series of events preceding the known climate minima. Definition - a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. A cold period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD, has three cold intervals separated by intervals of slight warming. Consequence - Maritime expansion of Europe and the creation of seaborne trading-Spanish and Portuguese were among the first ones. | 47 | |
| 2297241040 | Mit'a system | Cause: The Andean Civilization (Inca Empire) needed organization because of the development of territorial states ruled by hereditary aristocracies and kings. Definition: Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations Consequence: It became an essential part of the Andean World, because of its efficiency | 48 | |
| 2297241041 | Warmer temperatures 800-1300 | Cause: After the Little Ice Age in Europe the earth's temperatures rose. Mother nature (: (Mr Schumacher said he would accept Mother Nature with a smiley face) Definition: A period of time, in which the earth's temperatures rose in Europe. Consequences: The population in Europe increases and outstrips resources bringing more war, disease, and famine. | 49 | |
| 2297241042 | Sati | Cause: India's patriarchal society where males felt the need to control their wives. Gynophobia. Definition: Indian ritual where women are expected to cremate themselves on their husband's funeral pyre. Consequences: Women tried to escape the male control by entering Jainist of Buddhist religious communities. | 50 | |
| 2297241043 | Foot-binding | Cause: Gynophobia and patriarchal societies. Definition - Beginning in the Tang, and widespread in the Song, this practice binds women's toes under and toward the heel, so that the bones broke and women could not walk by herself. This was apparently beautiful. Consequence: Gynophobia and patriarchal societies. Became a requirement of Chinese society, otherwise the woman would be rejected by everyone . | 51 | |
| 2297241044 | Ashoka | Cause- He was the heir to the throne by his father Chandragupta, brutality and mass killing at Kalinga led to Buddhism. Consequence- India was provided with a fist form of written language, administration took place, empire was able to communicate and became more organized. Led to trade, syncretism, and diffusion. Buddhism became popular and diffused throughout the Indian Ocean. | 52 | |
| 2297241045 | Afonso | Cause: As the Portuguese entered Africa, a manikongo (king of Kongo) sent delegates to Portugal, establishing a monopoly on trade. Kongo accepted and adapted Catholicism in 1491. This boosted cultural diversity and the king's power, but since Kongo had fewer products to trade to Portugal than did Benin, they had to trade more and more slaves, which increased tension as the manikongo began to lose his monopoly on the slave trade. The manikongos also requested secular aid from Portugal, i.e. schools, medicine, & goods. Afonso I, a Catholic manikongo educated by Portuguese missionaries, inherited this situation. Definition: Afonso I, King of Kongo (r. 1506-ca. 1540) had 2 letters sent to the King of Portugal illustrating his view on Kongo's relationship with Portugal and its problems. He requested medicinal, educational, and religious aids/experts and the king's help in stopping the trade because unauthorized citizens were abducting/selling people of free families. Consequences: Afonso's appeals receive no reply. The Portuguese now concentrated their resources on the Indian Ocean. Some subjects took advantage of the manikongo's weakness and rebelled. After 1540 the slave trade shifted farther south in Africa. | 53 | |
| 2297241046 | Kublai Khan | Cause- the extensive Mongol empire was difficult to maintain; feuding among the Mongols and the various khanates; After the death of the Great Khan Ogodei (Genghis Khan's son) in 1241, the unity of the Mongols started to fall apart, so Khubilai declared himself Great Khan Definition- declared himself Great Khan in 1265 during a time of great disunity among the Mongol empire; the Jagadai and other family branches don't want to accept him; founded the Yuan empire in 1271; led attacks of Annam (modern northern Vietnam) in 1279 after they demolished the Southern Song; took Champa (modern south Vietnam); attempted 2 invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281; Consequences- Confucianists had low status in the government; Beijing becomes capital of Yuan empire; "Forbidden City" created by him; created a "provincial governing structure" in the Mongol empire (Chapter 12 notes) | 54 | |
| 2297241047 | Han Yu | Cause: Tang elites saw Buddhism as undermining the Confucian idea of family as a model for the state. Definition: A Confucian scholar who spoke powerfully for a return to traditional Confucian practices who lived during the Tang period. Han Yu also disparaged the Buddha and his followers for undermining Confucianism and its teachings. Consequence: He was blamed for the eroding tax base of the Tang economy. | 55 | |
| 2297241048 | Henry the Navigator | Cause: Portugal required new territories to expand and trade in. Definition: 1394-1460, Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Consequence: Introduced much of Europe to the African people, and later resulted in the creation of the African slave market. Also lead to Portuguese territorial expansion, which lead to the Portuguese influence of the creation of the Treaty of Tordesillas. | 56 | |
| 2297241049 | Columbus | Cause: wanted to find a newer and faster way to get to India to increase trade but instead found the Americas Definition:(1451-1506), Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic Consequences: unintentionally introduced European diseases to the Americas and opened the way to Spanish conquest and colonization | 57 | |
| 2297241050 | Investiture Controversy | Cause: A series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures of church officials such as Bishops and Abbots. Definition: The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. Consequence: By undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, until Imperial power was reestablished under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. | 58 | |
| 2297241051 | Holy Roman Empire | Cause: The pops wanted to combine their religious power with political power by forgoing alliances with kings Definition: A loose coalition of German princes; a secular political authority as guardian for general Christian interests. Happened in Western Europe. Consequence: This led to the Investiture Controversy, a struggle for control of ecclesiastical appointments. Then led to the creation of separate countries and people questioning the Catholic Church which weakened it. | 59 | |
| 2297241052 | Tributary States | Cause: Definition: One of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to be a more powerful neighbor. Consequence: | 60 | |
| 2297241053 | City States | Cause: Poor serfs and middle class people looked for a way to escape serfdom and the feudal system, causing a massive population influx to the Italian city states of Northern Italy(Florence, Venice, etc.) Traders looking for opportunity. Definition: a self-ruling (autonomous) state that consists of an urban center and the surrounding land that is typically used for agriculteral purposes. Consequence: Massive advances in art, technology, philosophy,etc. Created an epicenter for Mediterranean trade and an Italian monopoly over the Mediterranean trade network. The creation of a middle class who worked in crafts such as metal working, artistry, etc. Bankers became upper middle class who then became art patrons. | 61 | |
| 2297241054 | Religion in the Americas | Cause: Religion that develops in an area that is excluded from the rest of the world. Definition: Polytheistic religions that focused on nature, animals, and the elements. Human sacrifice played an essential role in the practices of the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. Effect: Caused the Aztec to believe that Cortes was Quozecotle which caused the end to the Aztec Empire. | 62 | |
| 2297241055 | Mamluks | Cause: The muslims needed strong warriors to help expand the Islamic empire. The turks were the favored slaves to pick because they were strong and ahd good horsemanship. Definition Originating in the Ottoman Empire, mamluks were armies made of non-muslim, mostly turkish, slaves that were sent to schools to learn to fight and convert to islam. They were extremely powerful armies, and fought in organized units of mounted archers. They played a key rome in the wars of the Crusades. Consequence: The Mamluks kept the mongols from invading Syria and were the only ones who were stong enough to compete with the tough mongolian warriors. The mamluks became very powerful, especially in Egypt, and in some places ended up as the ruling class. | 63 | |
| 2297241056 | Rashid al din Tusi | Cause: Influenced by Juvani to write the first history of the world. Definition: Persian intellectual, physician, and historian from the Il Khanate who wrote the whole Islamic history. Consequence: kept the history of the Il Khan alive and helped with the study and understanding of it. | 64 | |
| 2297241057 | Vasco da Gama | Causes: The Portuguese desired to expand their trading routes to India in order to obtain more resources. Definition: A Portuguese explorer who led an expedition of four small ships to India from 1497-1498. He and his crew were met with laughter from Indian Ocean observers because their ships were so small compared to the Chinese vessels. However, this modest fleet began a revolution in global relations. Consequence: This Portuguese voyage opened up profitable trade with the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese monarchs also received knowledge that some part of Ethiopia and Lower India had been discovered. It created great relations with the Indian | 65 | |
| 2297241058 | Ferdinand Magellan | Cause: the Europeans wanted to define where the treaty de toresillas was and what territory was Spain's and what was Portugal's and they wanted to complete Columbus's westward voyage by sailing around the Americas and across the pacific Definition: Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world Consequence: the basis for Spanish colonization of the phillipine islands was established, Spanish and Portuguese territories were determined, colonization and trade increased as well as the spread of disease | 66 | |
| 2297241059 | Magna Carta | Cause: King john of England lost the support of many people including the barons and the Catholic bishops which lead to them getting together and writing a list of things they wanted the king to do, most of which were rights that they wanted him to guarantee them. Definition: A charter of liberty and political rights obtained from King John of England by his rebellious barons in 1215. It affirmed that monarchs were subject to established law, confirmed the independence of the church and the city of London, and guaranteed nobles' hereditary rights. Consequences: It limited the power of the monarchs. The Magna Carta's fundamental tenets provided the outline for modern democracies. | 67 | |
| 2297241060 | Song China (innovation) | Cause- the influx of West Asian scholars and the disunity of China at the time Definition- a period between 907 and 1279 where China was divided into 3 states. Because of this disunity, China lacked the military means to expand. So the Song scholars engaged more heavily in innovation, and drew upon the work of West Asian mathematicians and astronomers. Concequences- an extremely precise calender, a giant mechanical clock, greater development in timekeeping and the compass, Junk ship, steel weapons of unprecedented strength, gunpowder, and artillery | 68 | |
| 2297241061 | Kamikaze | Cause: A typhoon struck and sank perhaps half of the Mongol ships invading Japanese shores Definition: The "divine wind", which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. Consequence: Mongol threats towards the Japanese were temporarily stopped due to the typhoon, however Mongol attacks continued shortly after. | 69 | |
| 2297241062 | Machiavelli | Cause: The Italian Renaissance's influence prompted new thinkers, one of these being Machiavelli Definition: The first political philosopher & the inventor of political science, lost diplomatic power when the Medicis came into power. Consequence: Influenced many important modern philosophers and free thinkers, such as John Locke and Descartes. | 70 | |
| 2297241063 | Flying Buttresses | Cause: The way the cathedrals were designed required something to support the building, which were the buttresses. Definition: A buttress slanting from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports in Gothic cathedrals. It stabilized the high, thin stone columns below the arches. Began during Europe's Renaissance period. Consequences: This method of construction enables master builders to push the Gothic cathedrals to great heights and to fill the outside walls with giant windows of brilliantly colored stained glass. | 71 | |
| 2297241064 | Vernacular | Cause: A need for a common spoken language-mostly for lower class people who lacked the knowledge of Classical Era languages such as Latin and Greek Definition: Common spoken language Consequences: Common languages were spoken throughout Europe, rather than Latin, the language of the Church. | 72 | |
| 2297241065 | Universities | Cause: modeled after Islamic madrases and increasing number of colleges Definition: degree granting institutions of higher education that specialized in multidisciplinary research and advanced teachings. Consequence: The universities in the Latin West that appeared in about 1200 and onward became the model of all modern universities | 73 | |
| 2297241066 | Giotto | Cause: Giotto wanted to develop more realistic paintings that could better express human emotions and the natural world. Definition: A painter during the renaissance from Florence, Italy, who lived from 1267-1337. He is credited with "single-handedly reviving the lost art of painting." Painted religious scenes that were more natural and emotion-filled than those of the Byzantine style. Consequence: Giotto's innovative style of painting paved the way for the Italian renaissance in art. His developments in painting shaped subsequent western painting. | 74 | |
| 2297241067 | Tale of Genji | Cause- Fujiwara noblewomen lived in isolation and relied on writing for communication with family. The isolation created loneliness and free time allowing noblewomen to produce literary work. Definition- This is a novel written by a Fujiwara Japanese noblewoman, Murasaki Shikibu, around 1000 to 1100 during the Heian period. Consequence- This was a result of the literary outpour of Fujiwara Japan and encouraged further literary works. | 75 | |
| 2297241068 | Bushido | Cause: Bushido was influenced by Zen and Confucianism. Definition: The ethical code of the Japanese samurai that includes the following principles: simplicity, perfection, humility, etiquette, and beauty. Consequence: Bushido diffused and combined with Chen practices and beliefs and with elements of the Shinto religion to create the Japanese Chen Buddhism. | 76 | |
| 2297241069 | Japanese Feudalism | Cause: The Establishment for the first time of a military government, which initiated the feudalism in Japan. The conflict of the social classes also led to this Consequence: Japanese feudalism made the citizens of Japan develop nationalism and after the fall of feudalism in Japan which were ruled by powerful shoguns Japan started the Meiji restoration which helped Japan open diplomatic relationships with other countries thus helping them be modernized and created a cosmopolitan society. Definition: The "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyō) and the military rule of warlords (shōgun), stretched from 1185 to 1868. The emperor remained and the power of merchants was weak. Civil, military, and judicial matters were controlled by the samurai class, the most powerful of whom was the shōgun. A traumatic event of the period was the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and in 1281. Massive Mongol forces with superior naval technology and weaponry attempted a full-scale invasion of the Japanese islands in both 1274 and in 1281. However, a famous typhoon referred to as kamikaze (translating as divine wind in Japanese) is credited with devastating both Mongol invasion forces and saving Japan. Consequence: Japanese feudalism made the citizens of Japan develop nationalism and after the fall of feudalism in Japan which were ruled by powerful shoguns Japan started the Meiji restoration which helped Japan open diplomatic relationships with other countries thus helping them be modernized and created a cosmopolitan society. | 77 | |
| 2297241070 | European Feudalism | Cause: Set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe between 9-15th century. Definition: A system for ordering society around relationships derived from land-holding in exchange for service or labor A way to demand that everyone owed allegiance to the king or superior Consequences: No social mobility and eventually ends in West Europe because of Black Death. No real middle class, rural peasants, jews persecuted or bankers, and more reliance on church | 78 | |
| 2297241071 | Scholasticism | Cause: Many colleges and universities began to emerge due to the growing number of scholars and intellectuals who were interested in studying the works of Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and sought to synthesize the rational philosophy of the Greeks with the Christian faith of the Latin West. Definition: An attempt by 13th century theologians to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and religious faith during the Italian Renaissance. Consequence: Scholasticism influenced future humanists and printers such as Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer as well as having a tremendous influence on the reform of second education. Further education helped to develop the printing press. | 79 | |
| 2297241072 | Humanism | Cause: influenced by Greek reforms; challenges to traditional religion. Definition: an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It is also an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns Consequence: revival of Greco Roman traditions and secondary education | 80 | |
| 2297241073 | Tax Farming | Cause- land grants in return for military service dwindled in the Middle East Definition- a fiscal method used to extract maximum wealth from one's domain. Tax farmers made their profit by collecting the max amount and sending an agreed-upon smaller sum to the government. Consequence- rural administration suffered; peasant indebtness rose resulting in social tension, causing rebellions | 81 | |
| 2297241074 | Reconquesta | Cause: The fighting and hatred between the Muslims and Christians. Which led to tension between the two in all parts of the world. Definition: the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by Christians in Spain and Portugal the Muslims in the Southern part of the Iberian Peninsula were driven out in Spain. Consequence: Spain and Portugal developed into the two of the worlds strongest countries. Which lead to the Mar-time Revolution. | 82 | |
| 2297241075 | Caravel | Cause: The Portuguese needed a sturdier and more maneuverability at sea. Definition: A boat smaller than the Jung that had triangular sails was created by the Portuguese and it was very easy to Maneuver and could cross big oceans plus it even had a cannon. Consequence: The Portuguese were able to cross the Atlantic and also were able to conquer ports along the Coast of Africa because of its mobility and its cannons. | 83 | |
| 2297241076 | Pepper | Cause:Zheng He's expeditions to southern Asian lands resulted in an increase in Chinese imports or pepper. Also there was a high demand for this spice in Europe because people desired money for trading in South East Asia and India. Definition: most common spice or cash crop in Southeast Asia and India Consequence: Increases European interest in the crops and culture of Southeast Asia and India | 84 |
