The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 11244275498 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 11244275499 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 11244275500 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 11244275501 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 11244275502 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 11244275503 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 11244275504 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 11244275505 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 11244275506 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 11244275507 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 11244275508 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 11244275509 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 11244275510 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 11244275511 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 11244275512 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 11244275513 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 11244275514 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 11244275515 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 11244275516 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 11244275517 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 11244275518 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 11244275519 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 11244275520 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 22 | |
| 11244275521 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 23 | |
| 11244275522 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 24 | |
| 11244275523 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 25 | |
| 11244275524 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 26 | |
| 11244275525 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 27 | |
| 11244275526 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 28 | |
| 11244275527 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 29 |
