The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 11560450831 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 0 | |
| 11560450832 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 1 | |
| 11560450833 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 2 | |
| 11560450834 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 3 | |
| 11560450835 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 4 | |
| 11560450836 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 5 | |
| 11560450837 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 6 | |
| 11560450838 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 7 | |
| 11560450842 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 8 | |
| 11560450843 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 9 | |
| 11560450844 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 10 | |
| 11560450845 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 11 | |
| 11560450846 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 12 | |
| 11560450847 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 13 | |
| 11560450849 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 14 | |
| 11560450850 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 15 | |
| 11560450851 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 16 | |
| 11560450852 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 17 | |
| 11560450853 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 18 | |
| 11560450854 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 19 | |
| 11560450855 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 20 | |
| 11560450856 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | 21 | |
| 11560450857 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 22 | |
| 11560450858 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 23 | |
| 11560450859 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 24 | |
| 11560450860 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 25 |
