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AP World History - Period 3 Review Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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11666892120Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
11666892121MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
11666892122Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
11666892123Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
11666892124Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
11666892125Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
11666892126Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
11666892127Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
11666892128Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
11666892129Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
11666892130Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
11666892131JihadIslamic holy war11
11666892132Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
11666892133Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
11666892134Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad14
11666892135Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam15
11666892136DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants16
11666892137Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids17
11666892138Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129118
11666892139UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking19
11666892140SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions20
11666892141Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph21
11666892142Genghis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms22
11666892143Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam23
11666892144Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya24
11666892145Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers25
11666892146Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali26
11666892147Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world27
11666892148East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar28
11666892149Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa29
11666892150Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians30
11666892151Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration31
11666892152Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c32
11666892153Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity33
11666892154Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire34
11666892155TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact35
11666892156Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c36
11666892157Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls37
11666892158Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily38
11666892159Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection39
11666892160Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system40
11666892161Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure41
11666892162Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c42
11666892163Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73243
11666892164CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80044
11666892165Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy45
11666892166Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service46
11666892167Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty47
11666892168William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England48
11666892169Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law49
11666892170Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects50
11666892171Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.51
11666892172Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control52
11666892173Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems53
11666892174Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance54
11666892175Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities55
11666892176Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia56
11666892177Mahayana Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia57
11666892178Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.58
11666892179Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin59
11666892180JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula60
11666892181Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency61
11666892182Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.62
11666892183Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army63
11666892184Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies64
11666892185Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, daimyo, not the emperor65
11666892186Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu66
11666892187Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states67
11666892188Sinification/sinicizationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions68
11666892189Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence69
11666892190Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122770
11666892191Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits71
11666892192Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c72
11666892193Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of former Abbasid empire73
11666892194MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 126074
11666892195Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 127175
11666892196Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire76
11666892197Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase77
11666892198Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas78
11666892199Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..79
11666892200Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, expansionist, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence80
11666892201Novgorod, Constantinople, TimbuktuCities that rose during this time due to increased trade81
11666892202Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people82
11666892203Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan83
11666892204Ibn BatutaMohammedan who described travels to Mecca and Far East84

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