The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 12182181222 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; First to adopt Islam | 0 | |
| 12182181223 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; the home of the Ka'ba and birthplace of Muhammad | 1 | |
| 12182181224 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 12182181225 | Umayyad | Arabic dynasty from 661 to 750 with its capital in Damascus; under this dynasty Islam expanded from Spain to India | 3 | |
| 12182181226 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant | 4 | |
| 12182181227 | Qur'an | Islamic holy book believed to contain divine revelations of Allah presented to Muhammad | 5 | |
| 12182181228 | Umma | Islamic term for the "community of the faithful" | 6 | |
| 12182181229 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 12182181230 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 12182181231 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 12182181232 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 12182181233 | Jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 11 | |
| 12182181234 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 12182181235 | Shi'a | Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali. | 13 | |
| 12182181236 | Abbasids | founded by Abu al-Abbas; dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad; reached its peak under Harun al-Rashid | 14 | |
| 12182181237 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 15 | |
| 12182181238 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 16 | |
| 12182181239 | Dhows | Indian, Persian and Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used in the Indian Ocean | 17 | |
| 12182181240 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 12182181241 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 19 | |
| 12182181242 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 20 | |
| 12182181243 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 21 | |
| 12182181244 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 22 | |
| 12182181245 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Temujin; Mongol ruler; unified the Mongols and created the Mongol Empire; Became the Great Khan in 1206 | 23 | |
| 12182181246 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 24 | |
| 12182181247 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 25 | |
| 12182181248 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 26 | |
| 12182181249 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 27 | |
| 12182181250 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 28 | |
| 12182181251 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 29 | |
| 12182181252 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 30 | |
| 12182181253 | Swahili Coast | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 31 | |
| 12182181254 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 32 | |
| 12182181255 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 33 | |
| 12182181256 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 34 | |
| 12182181257 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 35 | |
| 12182181258 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 36 | |
| 12182181259 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 37 | |
| 12182181260 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 38 | |
| 12182181261 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 39 | |
| 12182181262 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 40 | |
| 12182181263 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 41 | |
| 12182181264 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 42 | |
| 12182181265 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 43 | |
| 12182181266 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 44 | |
| 12182181267 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 45 | |
| 12182181268 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 46 | |
| 12182181269 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 47 | |
| 12182181270 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 48 | |
| 12182181271 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 49 | |
| 12182181272 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 50 | |
| 12182181273 | Investiture Controversy | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 51 | |
| 12182181274 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 52 | |
| 12182181275 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 53 | |
| 12182181276 | Mahayana Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 54 | |
| 12182181277 | Southern Song Dynasty | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 55 | |
| 12182181278 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi in the Sui Dynasty; joined Huang He River region to the Yangtze basin | 56 | |
| 12182181279 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 57 | |
| 12182181280 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 58 | |
| 12182181281 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 59 | |
| 12182181282 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 60 | |
| 12182181283 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 61 | |
| 12182181284 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, daimyo, not the emperor | 62 | |
| 12182181285 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 63 | |
| 12182181286 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 64 | |
| 12182181287 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 65 | |
| 12182181288 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 66 | |
| 12182181289 | Sinification/sinicization | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 67 | |
| 12182181290 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 68 | |
| 12182181291 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 69 | |
| 12182181292 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of former Abbasid empire | 70 | |
| 12182181293 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 71 | |
| 12182181294 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 72 | |
| 12182181295 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 73 | |
| 12182181296 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 74 | |
| 12182181297 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 75 | |
| 12182181298 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, expansionist, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 76 | |
| 12182181299 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 |  | 77 |
| 12182181300 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 78 | |
| 12182181301 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 79 | |
| 12182181302 | Berbers | North African nomadic tribes, converted to Islam before 750 C.E. | 80 | |
| 12182181303 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 81 |
