The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 11310922887 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 0 | |
| 11310922888 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 1 | |
| 11310922889 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 2 | |
| 11310922890 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 3 | |
| 11310922891 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 4 | |
| 11310922892 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 5 | |
| 11310922893 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 6 | |
| 11310922894 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 7 | |
| 11310922895 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 8 | |
| 11310922896 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 9 | |
| 11310922897 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 10 | |
| 11310922898 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 11 | |
| 11310922899 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 12 | |
| 11310922900 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 13 | |
| 11310922901 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 14 | |
| 11310922902 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 15 | |
| 11310922903 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 16 | |
| 11310922904 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 17 | |
| 11310922905 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 18 | |
| 11310922906 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 19 | |
| 11310922907 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 20 | |
| 11310922908 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 21 | |
| 11310922909 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 22 | |
| 11310922910 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 23 | |
| 11310922911 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 24 | |
| 11310922912 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 25 | |
| 11310922913 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 26 | |
| 11310922914 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 27 | |
| 11310922915 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 28 | |
| 11310922916 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 29 | |
| 11310922917 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 30 | |
| 11310922918 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 31 | |
| 11310922919 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 32 | |
| 11310922920 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 33 | |
| 11310922921 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 34 | |
| 11310922922 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 35 | |
| 11310922923 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 36 | |
| 11310922924 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 37 | |
| 11310922925 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 38 | |
| 11310922926 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 39 | |
| 11310922927 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 40 | |
| 11310922928 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 41 | |
| 11310922929 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 42 | |
| 11310922930 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 43 | |
| 11310922931 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 44 | |
| 11310922932 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 45 | |
| 11310922933 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 46 | |
| 11310922934 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 47 | |
| 11310922935 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 48 | |
| 11310922936 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 49 | |
| 11310922937 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 50 | |
| 11310922938 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 51 | |
| 11310922939 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 52 | |
| 11310922940 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 53 | |
| 11310922941 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 54 | |
| 11310922942 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 55 | |
| 11310922943 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 56 | |
| 11310922944 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 57 | |
| 11310922945 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 58 | |
| 11310922946 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 59 | |
| 11310922947 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 60 | |
| 11310922948 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 61 | |
| 11310922949 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 62 | |
| 11310922950 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 63 | |
| 11310922951 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 64 | |
| 11310922952 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 65 | |
| 11310922953 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 66 | |
| 11310922954 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 67 | |
| 11310922955 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 68 | |
| 11310922956 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 69 | |
| 11310922957 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 70 | |
| 11310922958 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 71 | |
| 11310922959 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 72 | |
| 11310922960 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 73 | |
| 11310922961 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 74 | |
| 11310922962 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 75 | |
| 11310922963 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 76 | |
| 11310922964 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 77 | |
| 11310922977 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 78 | |
| 11310922978 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 79 | |
| 11310922965 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 80 | |
| 11310922966 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 81 | |
| 11310922967 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 82 | |
| 11310922968 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 83 |
| 11310922969 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 84 | |
| 11310922970 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 85 | |
| 11310922971 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 86 |
| 11310922979 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 87 | |
| 11310922972 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 88 | |
| 11310922973 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 89 | |
| 11310922974 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 90 | |
| 11310922980 | Bantu Migrations |  | 91 | |
| 11310922975 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 92 |
| 11310922976 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 93 |
