Terms : Hide Images
| 5639132729 | Akbar | The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion. | 0 | |
| 5639132730 | Columbian Exchange | The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization. | 1 | |
| 5639132731 | Conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires. | 2 | |
| 5639132732 | Constantinople, 1453 | The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium. | 3 | |
| 5639132733 | Creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas. | 4 | |
| 5639132734 | Devshirme | The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. | 5 | |
| 5639132735 | Fixed Winds | The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible. | 6 | |
| 5639132736 | The Great Dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas. | 7 | |
| 5639132737 | Jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time. | 8 | |
| 5639132738 | Mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion. | 9 | |
| 5639132739 | Mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. | 10 | |
| 5639132740 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. | 11 | |
| 5639132741 | Mulatto | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. | 12 | |
| 5639132742 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa. | 13 | |
| 5639132743 | Peninsulare | In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas. | 14 | |
| 5639132744 | Plantation complex | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America. | 15 | |
| 5639132745 | Qing Dynasty | Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China. | 16 | |
| 5639132746 | Settler colonies | Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. | 17 | |
| 5639132747 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. | 18 | |
| 5639132748 | Yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs. | 19 | |
| 5639132749 | African diaspora | Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade. | 20 | |
| 5639132750 | Banda Islands | Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters. | 21 | |
| 5639132751 | Benin | West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade. | 22 | |
| 5639132752 | British/Dutch East India companies | Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. | 23 | |
| 5639132753 | Cartaz | A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean. | 24 | |
| 5639132754 | Dahomey | West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade. | 25 | |
| 5639132755 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors. | 26 | |
| 5639132756 | Hurons | Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade. | 27 | |
| 5639132757 | Indian Ocean Commercial Network | The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500. | 28 | |
| 5639132758 | Little Ice Age | A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era. | 29 | |
| 5639132759 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521). | 30 | |
| 5639132760 | Manila | Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600. | 31 | |
| 5639132761 | Middle Passage | Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas. | 32 | |
| 5639132762 | Piece of Eight | Standard Spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales. | 33 | |
| 5639132763 | Potosi | City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s. | 34 | |
| 5639132764 | Samurai | The warrior elite of medieval Japan. | 35 | |
| 5639132765 | Shogun | In Japan, a supreme military commander. | 36 | |
| 5639132766 | Silver drain | Term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China. | 37 | |
| 5639132767 | Soft gold | Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it. | 38 | |
| 5639132768 | Spanish Phillipines | An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization | 39 | |
| 5639132769 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments. | 40 | |
| 5639132770 | Trading post empire | Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples. | 41 | |
| 5639132771 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. | 42 | |
| 5639132772 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason. | 43 | |
| 5639132773 | Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. | 44 | |
| 5639132774 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. | 45 | |
| 5639132775 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth. | 46 | |
| 5639132776 | Deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs. | 47 | |
| 5639132777 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion. | 48 | |
| 5639132778 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. | 49 | |
| 5639132779 | Galileo | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church. | 50 | |
| 5639132780 | Huacas | Local gods of the Andes. | 51 | |
| 5639132781 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France. | 52 | |
| 5639132782 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success | 53 | |
| 5639132783 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents. | 54 | |
| 5639132784 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe. | 55 | |
| 5639132785 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. | 56 | |
| 5639132786 | Ninety-Five Theses | List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity. | 57 | |
| 5639132787 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone." | 58 | |
| 5639132788 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610. | 59 | |
| 5639132789 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method. | 60 | |
| 5639132790 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. | 61 | |
| 5639132791 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe. | 62 | |
| 5639132792 | Thirty Year's War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648). | 63 | |
| 5639132793 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion. | 64 | |
| 5639132794 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law). | 65 | |
| 5639132795 | Early Modern Period | period from 1450 to 1750; characterized by the beginning of globalization; features elements of distinctly modern societies and a growing European presence in world affairs | 66 | |
| 5639132796 | Renaissance Man | a cultured man of the Renaissance who was knowledgeable, educated, or proficient in a wide range of fields | 67 | |
| 5639132797 | absolute monarchy | type of government in which kings ruled by "divine right" and could legitimately claim sole and uncontested authority | 68 | |
| 5639132798 | Absolutism | a political theory holding that all power should be held by one ruler; divine right to rule given to monarchs from God; dominant political theory of Europe in 16th and 17th centuries; best exemplified by King Louis XIV of France with his palace of Versailles | 69 | |
| 5639132799 | African diaspora | the global spread of African peoples; facilitated by the African Slave Trade; introduced elements of African culture into the making of American cultures | 70 | |
| 5639132800 | Akbar | ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1695; recognized the division of religion and deliberately tried to accommodate the Hindu majority; conquered the Hindu Rajputs of northwestern India; married several of their princesses but did require them to convert; incorporated a large number of Hindus into the political-military elite of the empire; supported the construction of Hindu temples and Muslim mosques, as well as temples and forts; softened some Hindu restrictions on women (discouraged child marriages and sati); imposed a policy of toleration (restrained the ulama and removed the jizya); presided over the House of Worship, where representatives of many religions met and discussed; created his own state cult, emphasizing his rule | 71 | |
| 5639132801 | Astrolabe | Technology used by sailors to determine latitude | 72 | |
| 5639132802 | Atahualpa | lived 1497 to 1533; last Inca emperor of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest; used by Francisco Pizarro to control the empire | 73 | |
| 5639132803 | Atlantic Slave Trade | An extensive trade in Africans who were forced to work in the Americas; 11 million were enslaved and made the Middle Passage across the Atlantic; majority were sent to Caribbean and Brazil | 74 | |
| 5639132804 | Babur | lived from 1483 to 1530; conqueror from Central Asia succeeded in laying the foundation for the Mughal dynasty; became the first Mughal emperor | 75 | |
| 5639132805 | Benin | West African country bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; formerly known as Dahomey; has a small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean; Porto-Novo (capital); (kingdom of) successfully avoided deep involvement in slave trade while diversifying exports with which it purchased from Europeans | 76 | |
| 5639132806 | Capitalism | an economic system in which trade, industry and manufacturing are privately owned and take part in a market economy | 77 | |
| 5639132807 | Caravel | a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails; made long voyages of exploration possible and lowered the cost of transport; used triangular or lateen sails which allowed it to sail against the wind |  | 78 |
| 5639132808 | Cash crop | an agricultural crop which is grown for the sole purpose of sale to gain profit |  | 79 |
| 5639132809 | Catholic Reformation | a.k.a. Counter Reformation; the Church's response to the Protestant Reformation; in the Council of Trent, Catholics clarified and reaffirmed doctrines and practices, sought to correct abuse and corruption, cracked down on dissidents, renewed attention given to individual spirituality and personal piety, and established new religious orders, such as the Society of Jesus | 80 | |
| 5639132810 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner; lived from 1451 to 1506; severely underestimated the circumference of the Earth by 8,000 miles; proposed to sail to Asia by a western route; sponsored by Spain; departed in August of 1492, landed in October 12, 1492 on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas; thought he reached the West Indies, called the native Taino people "Indians"; sailed for three months looking for gold and sent a delegation to seek the emperor of China upon arriving in Cuba; upon returning he still believed he had reached the islands just off of Asia |  | 81 |
| 5639132811 | Columbian Exchange | the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between Europeans and the Americas; benefits of this exchange unequal in favor of the Europeans. New foods led to population increase in Eastern Hemisphere. | 82 | |
| 5639132812 | Conquistador | a leader in the Spanish conquest of America | 83 | |
| 5639132813 | Creole | Spanish term for Spaniards born in the Americas | 84 | |
| 5639132814 | Daimyo | "great names"; the head of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection | 85 | |
| 5639132815 | Devshirme | "the collecting" or "the gathering"; Ottoman law which required Balkan Christian communities to hand over a quota of young boys, who were removed from their families, required to learn Turkish and usually converted to Islam, and trained for either civil administration or military service | 86 | |
| 5639132816 | Divine right | belief in which kings derive their right to rule directly from God; gives the king absolute authority | 87 | |
| 5639132817 | Encomienda | a legal system in which the Spanish crown granted to particular Spanish settlers a number of local native people from whom they could require labor, gold, or agricultural produce and to whom they owed "protection" and instruction in Christianity; eventually became an exploitative regime and was replaced by a similar system, repartimiento, with slightly more control by the crown and Spanish officials | 88 | |
| 5639132818 | Enlightenment | Known as the Age of Reason; philosophers began to reject traditional ideas about politics and absolutism and developed new ideas about how best to govern people | 89 | |
| 5639132819 | Gunpowder Empires | nickname for the English and Dutch Indian Ocean territories, which used their military advancements, such as gunpowder, to establish their authority in the region |  | 90 |
| 5639132820 | Henry the Navigator | nickname of Prince Henry of Portugal; lived from 1394 to 1460; conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta; sponsored a series of voyages down the West African coast |  | 91 |
| 5639132821 | King Henry VIII | English King who established the Church of England (Anglican) in order to void the authority of the Pope in England; gained control of the church's wealth | 92 | |
| 5639132822 | Humanism | an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history | 93 | |
| 5639132823 | Imam | Shia Islam leader, which held religious authority that the caliphs lacked, allowing them to interpret divine revelation and law | 94 | |
| 5639132824 | Indentured Labor | A system in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for their paid passage to the New Word; popular in North America. | 95 | |
| 5639132825 | Isaac Newton | lived from 1642 to 1727; Englishman who formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics; core of thinking was the concept of universal gravitation |  | 96 |
| 5639132826 | Ivan III | aka Ivan the Great; lived from 1440 to 1505; Russian ruler who overthrew the Mongol Golden Horde in 1480, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state | 97 | |
| 5639132827 | Ivan IV | also known as Ivan the Terrible; lived from 1530 to 1584; succeeded Ivan III; ruler of Muscovy; recognized as the legitimate ruler and czar of Russia by the Orthodox Church |  | 98 |
| 5639132828 | Janissary | a member of an elite infantry unit that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards; known for their strict discipline, many were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan region and forced to convert to Islam | 99 | |
| 5639132829 | Jesuit | a member of the Society of Jesus; completed a rigorous and advanced education in theology, philosophy, languages, history, literature, and science; acquired a reputation for discipline and determination; served as counselors to kings and other rulers; attracted converts in India, China, Japan, the Philippines, and the Americas |  | 100 |
| 5639132830 | Johannes Gutenberg | lived from c. 1395 to 1468; a German printer and publisher who introduced printing to Europe; invented printing using the mechanical movable type; influenced the development of the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment |  | 101 |
| 5639132831 | John Locke | lived from 1632 to 1704; English philosopher who offered principles for constructing a constitutional government, in which a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed |  | 102 |
| 5639132832 | Joint-stock company | a company which is publicly owned by shareholders; privately held, with government support; two of the most profitable were the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company | 103 | |
| 5639132833 | Kabuki | a classical Japanese dance-drama; known for its stylization of drama and the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers | 104 | |
| 5639132834 | Kangxi | lived from 1654 to 1722; ruled from 1661 to 1722; fourth Qing Dynasty emperor; initiated a vast imperial project extending Chinese control deep into Inner Asia | 105 | |
| 5639132835 | Kingdom of Kongo | an African kingdom located in west-central Africa (modern-day northern Angola, the Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo, and south Gabon); was an independent state from c. 1390 to 1891 until became a vassal state of Portugal until 1914; in this kingdom, female slaves provided a source of dependent laborers for the plantations which sustained urban elites; women also held lower level administrative positions and served on the council that advised the monarch | 106 | |
| 5639132836 | King Louis XIV | Known as the Sun King, he asserted his divine right to rule over France. Built the Palace of Versailles to reflect his absolute authorities. | 107 | |
| 5639132837 | Kowtow | a Chinese ritual which consisted of a series of bowings and prostrations; used to show subservience and tribute | 108 | |
| 5639132838 | Lateen sails | From Chinese merchant ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction | 109 | |
| 5639132839 | Leonardo da Vinci | lived from 1452 to 1519; model "Renaissance man;" an Italian artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary; mastered the art of realistic painting; dissected human bodies to better understand their workings; wanted to create idealized forms that captured the perfection of nature in the individual |  | 110 |
| 5639132840 | Louis XIV | ruled France from 1643 to 1715; adopted absolutism; wrote "L'etat, c'est moi" ("I am the state"), which summed up the absolutist ideal |  | 111 |
| 5639132841 | Magnetic compass | Invented by the Chinese, used to aid navigation during the Age of Exploration | 112 | |
| 5639132842 | Martin Luther | lived from 1483 to 1546; leader of the Protestant Reformation; a German writer and monk; denounced the church's sale of indulgences in The Ninety-five Theses; excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520; summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521 and demanded he recant his views; benefited from the recent appearance of the printing press; advocated the closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible from Latin to vernacular, and end priestly and pope's authority; argued that humans could only be saved through faith in the promises of God |  | 113 |
| 5639132843 | Mercantilism | an economic theory which held that European governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals like silver and gold), which were believed to be the source of national prosperity, European countries depended on raw materials from their colonies, which were also viewed as markets for finished goods |  | 114 |
| 5639132844 | Mestizo | colonial Spanish American class of mixed race, typically the union of Spanish men and Native women; rooted in sexual imbalance among Spanish immigrants (a lot more men than women); became the majority of the population in Mexico during the 19th Century; divided into dozens of separate groups known as castas (castes) based on racial heritage and skin color; largely Hispanic in culture; regarded as illegitimate for many not being born of "proper" marriages; men became artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in church and state bureaucracies; women worked as domestic servants or in husband's shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars | 115 | |
| 5639132845 | Michelangelo | lived from 1475 to 1564; an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; famous for his mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, which depicts an ideal type of human being with perfect proportions |  | 116 |
| 5639132846 | Middle Passage | the journey taken across the Atlantic Ocean by boat; 14.4% of African slaves perished along this sea route | 117 | |
| 5639132847 | Millet System | in the Ottoman Empire these were legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims; permitted to maintain their own traditional religious beliefs; Jews, Greeks, etc. | 118 | |
| 5639132848 | Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty which lasted from 1368 to 1644; China recovers from the plague, attempts to rid of foreign rule, and reverts to Confucian learning and orthodox gender roles; completed the Great Wall; undertook a large maritime expedition which sought to acquire distant states into the Chinese system of tribute; abruptly ended after the death of Emperor Yongle | 119 | |
| 5639132849 | Mita | Incan labor service which required conquered peoples to work for the empire; some labored on large state farms; others herded, mined, served in the military, or public work projects. Later used by Spain where they forced native Indians to work several months a year on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or public work projects. | 120 | |
| 5639132850 | Mughal Empire | Islamic empire which lasted from 1526 to 1707 and brought India a rare period of relative political unity; established by Central Asian Turkic warriors; rulers such as Akbar sought to alleviate and Hindu-Muslim tensions, while rulers such as Aurangzeb enforced Islam onto the Hindu majority; Hindu resistance to Muslim rule brought about conquest by the British |  | 121 |
| 5639132851 | Niccolo Machiavelli | lived from 1469 to 1527; Italian writer famous for his novel The Prince, which was written as a job application for a government position under the Medici family |  | 122 |
| 5639132852 | Nicolaus Copernicus | lived from 1473 to 1543; Polish mathematician and astronomer; known for his novel On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, published in 1543; argued that the sun was at the center and the earth and other planets revolved around it |  | 123 |
| 5639132853 | Osman I | lived from 1258 to 1326; the leader of the Ottoman Turks; the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire | 124 | |
| 5639132854 | Ottoman Empire | lasted from 14th century to the early 20th century; created by one of many Turkic groups which settled in Anatolia; claimed the legacy of the earlier Abbasid Empire; sought to renew unity in the Islamic world; conquered the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople in 1453; the "Muslim threat" of early modern era Europe |  | 125 |
| 5639132855 | Peninsulares | Spanish term for Iberian-born Spaniards living in the Americas | 126 | |
| 5639132856 | Peter the Great | ruled from 1689 to 1725; undertook vast administrative changes; enlarged and modernized Russian military forces; established a new educational system for the sons of noblemen; established dozens of manufacturing enterprises; sought to "Westernize" Russia; newly created capital of St. Petersburg was to be Russia's "window on the West" |  | 127 |
| 5639132857 | Printing Press | mechanical device invented in the 15th century in Europe by Gutenberg; led to the mass production of books; allowed for the spread of new ideas from reformers such as Martin Luther | 128 | |
| 5639132858 | Protestant Reformation | movement during the Renaissance based on the teachings of Erasmus and Martin Luther; protested the church's use of indulgences for the forgiveness of sins; core belief was "justification by faith alone"; spread using newly available technology such as the printing press; spread from Germany to Switzerland, the Low Countries, England, and France | 129 | |
| 5639132859 | Qinglong | lived from 1711 to 1799; sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty; conducted a series of military campaigns which eliminated Turkic and Mongol threats, enlarged the empire, and reinforced Chinese authority | 130 | |
| 5639132860 | Qing Dynasty | lasted from 1644 to 1912; from Manchuria, which was seen as foreign rule; sought to maintain their ethnic distinctiveness while trying to legitimize themselves through the adoption of Confucianism and highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats; undertook an eighty-year military effort which brought large portions of Mongolia (1697), Xinjiang (1750s), and Tibet (1720) under Chinese control | 131 | |
| 5639132861 | Romanov family | the second and last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia; reigned from 1613 to 1917; included Ivan, Peter and Catherine the Great. | 132 | |
| 5639132862 | Safavid Empire | Islamic empire which developed in the late 15th and early 16th Centuries; Turkic in descent; emerged from a Sufi religious order founded by Safi-al-Din; forcibly imposed Shia Islam as the official religion; caused division between Persia and its neighbors, as they were mostly Sunni; periodic military conflict erupted between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires | 133 | |
| 5639132863 | Scientific Revolution | a vast intellectual and cultural transformation which took place in Europe between the Mid-16th to Early 18th Centuries; knowledge acquired through careful observation, controlled experiments, and the formulation of general laws expressed mathematically; founders of this revolution include Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, and Newton from England; fundamentally altered ideas about humankind's place in the universe and challenged the teachings and authority of the Church; substantially eroded religious belief and practice in the West, especially among the well-educated; challenged ancient hierarchies and political systems; also was used to legitimize racial and gender inequalities | 134 | |
| 5639132864 | Serfdom | Laborers who were tied to the land, not slaves, but could be sold. Provided labor force for the agrarian-based economy of Russia. | 135 | |
| 5639132865 | Shah Abbas I | lived from 1571 to 1629; well-known ruler from the Safavid Empire; reduced foreign influence on the Safavid Empire and reclaimed recently lost territories from the Mughals, Ottomans, Portuguese, and Uzbeks |  | 136 |
| 5639132866 | Sikhism | an Indian religion which was founded in the Punjab region of northern India; founded by Guru Nanak; believed that God is universal, doesn't matter if you're Hindu or Muslim; teachings ignored caste distinctions and untouchability and ended seclusion of women; drew converts from Punjabi peasants and merchants; developed own sacred book, Guru Granth (teacher book); created central place of worship and pilgrimage in the Golden Temple of Amritsar (Harmandir Sahib); prescribed certain dress requirements for men; encountered hostility from Mughal Empire and Hindu neighbors in the 17th Century; caused Sikhism to evolve into a militant community, whose military skills were valued by the British when they took over India in the late 18th Century |  | 137 |
| 5639132867 | Haciendas | Large agricultural estates in colonial Latin America | 138 | |
| 5639132868 | Suleiman I | ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566; reign regarded as the Ottoman Golden Age, in regards to culture and economy and law giving; known for his religious toleration | 139 | |
| 5639132869 | Single Whip Tax | Policy put forth by the Ming in 1570s, requiring that all takes be paid in the form of silver. Led to the development of the first global trade network. | 140 | |
| 5639132870 | Taj Mahal | white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India; built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the mid 1600's in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal; combined elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman and Indian architectural styles |  | 141 |
| 5639132871 | Thirty Years War | war which lasted from 1618 to 1648; sparked by Catholic-Protestant tensions in Germany; conflict arose when the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force Bohemian subjects to return to Roman Catholicism; by the end of the war, Spanish, Dutch, French, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian forces had taken part; ended through the Treaty of Westphalia; severely damaged European economies and led to the deaths of 1/3 of the German population |  | 142 |
| 5639132872 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | lived from 1543 to 1616; the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan |  | 143 |
| 5639132873 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese shogunate which lasted from 1600 to 1868; from 1650 to 1850 closed off European commerce to Japan; shoguns used silver-generated profits to defeat rival feudal lords and unify the country; shoguns allied with the Japanese merchant class to develop a market-based economy and invest in agricultural and industrial enterprises; protected and renewed Japan's dwindling forests; slowed Japanese population growth; created the foundations for Japan's Industrial Revolution | 144 | |
| 5639132874 | Trading Post Empires | Built to establish commercial relations; Portuguese were first to create along both coasts of Africa and throughout Asia; English and Dutch soon followed in India and South Africa and SE Asia | 145 | |
| 5639132875 | Vasco da Gama | From Portugal, rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued to voyage up east coast of Africa, eventually making his way to India, gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross the traditional land routes controlled by Muslims | 146 | |
| 5639132876 | Viceroyal | a regal official who runs a country, colony, or city province in the name of and as representative of a monarch | 147 | |
| 5639132877 | Viceroyalty | the governing area in the Spanish Americas ruled over by a representative of a monarch |  | 148 |
| 5639132878 | Vizier | a high government official in Muslim governments, in which advised the caliph during council meetings | 149 | |
| 5639132879 | Voltaire | lived from 1694 to 1778; French writer who reflected on the outlook of the Scientific Revolution in his Treatise on Toleration; commented sarcastically on religious intolerance; practiced deism |  | 150 |
| 5639132880 | William Shakespeare | lived from 1564 to 1616; English poet, playwright, and actor; author of numerous histories, comedies, and tragedies |  | 151 |
| 5639132881 | Zheng He | lived from 1371 to 1433; Chinese eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during the Ming Dynasty; practiced Islam; undertook numerous expeditions along the Indian Ocean basin to incorporate states from Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa into the Chinese tribute system |  | 152 |
