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| 4128143395 | Akbar | The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion. | 0 | |
| 4128144100 | Columbian Exchange | The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization. | 1 | |
| 4128145285 | Conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires. | 2 | |
| 4128146470 | Constantinople, 1453 | The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium. | 3 | |
| 4128149308 | Creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas. | 4 | |
| 4128152160 | Devshirme | The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. | 5 | |
| 4128154254 | Fixed Winds | The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible. | 6 | |
| 4128154698 | The Great Dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas. | 7 | |
| 4128155350 | Jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time. | 8 | |
| 4128155963 | Mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion. | 9 | |
| 4128156641 | Mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. | 10 | |
| 4128156997 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. | 11 | |
| 4128158334 | Mulatto | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. | 12 | |
| 4128158676 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa. | 13 | |
| 4128159338 | Peninsulare | In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas. | 14 | |
| 4128160332 | Plantation complex | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America. | 15 | |
| 4128161187 | Qing Dynasty | Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China. | 16 | |
| 4128161838 | Settler colonies | Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. | 17 | |
| 4128162752 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. | 18 | |
| 4128163191 | Yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs. | 19 | |
| 4128163898 | African diaspora | Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade. | 20 | |
| 4128164293 | Banda Islands | Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters. | 21 | |
| 4128164818 | Benin | West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade. | 22 | |
| 4128165159 | British/Dutch East India companies | Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. | 23 | |
| 4128166697 | Cartaz | A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean. | 24 | |
| 4128167147 | Dahomey | West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade. | 25 | |
| 4128167946 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors. | 26 | |
| 4128168320 | Hurons | Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade. | 27 | |
| 4128170068 | Indian Ocean Commercial Network | The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500. | 28 | |
| 4128170821 | Little Ice Age | A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era. | 29 | |
| 4128171727 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521). | 30 | |
| 4128172138 | Manila | Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600. | 31 | |
| 4128172510 | Middle Passage | Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas. | 32 | |
| 4128172795 | Piece of Eight | Standard Spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales. | 33 | |
| 4128173241 | Potosi | City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s. | 34 | |
| 4128173981 | Samurai | The warrior elite of medieval Japan. | 35 | |
| 4128174624 | Shogun | In Japan, a supreme military commander. | 36 | |
| 4128175370 | Silver drain | Term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China. | 37 | |
| 4128176088 | Soft gold | Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it. | 38 | |
| 4128176957 | Spanish Phillipines | An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization | 39 | |
| 4128195193 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments. | 40 | |
| 4128196034 | Trading post empire | Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples. | 41 | |
| 4128197359 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. | 42 | |
| 4128198450 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason. | 43 | |
| 4128198971 | Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. | 44 | |
| 4128199629 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. | 45 | |
| 4128204391 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth. | 46 | |
| 4128205093 | Deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs. | 47 | |
| 4128205442 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion. | 48 | |
| 4128206131 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. | 49 | |
| 4128207128 | Galileo | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church. | 50 | |
| 4128207779 | Huacas | Local gods of the Andes. | 51 | |
| 4128208632 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France. | 52 | |
| 4128209192 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success | 53 | |
| 4128210102 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents. | 54 | |
| 4128210763 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe. | 55 | |
| 4128211303 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. | 56 | |
| 4128212366 | Ninety-Five Theses | List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity. | 57 | |
| 4128213430 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone." | 58 | |
| 4128214982 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610. | 59 | |
| 4128216081 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method. | 60 | |
| 4128216537 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. | 61 | |
| 4128217583 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe. | 62 | |
| 4128219147 | Thirty Year's War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648). | 63 | |
| 4128220303 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion. | 64 | |
| 4128222105 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law). | 65 |
