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| 8459376798 | absolutism | concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France | 0 | |
| 8459376799 | divine right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God | 1 | |
| 8459376800 | Parliamentary monarchy | originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 2 | |
| 8459376801 | proletariat | class of working people who do not own property, typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor. A product of economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe | 3 | |
| 8459376802 | ethnocentrism | regarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others | 4 | |
| 8459376803 | conquistador | the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century | 5 | |
| 8459376804 | colonialism | control by one power over a dependent area or people | 6 | |
| 8459376806 | Columbian Exchange | global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas | 7 | |
| 8459376807 | hegemony | the predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others | 8 | |
| 8459376808 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century | 9 | |
| 8459376809 | Devshirme | in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers | 10 | |
| 8459376814 | tsar, czar | Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) | 11 | |
| 8459376817 | Westernization | to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe | 12 | |
| 8459376818 | Multinational State | an empire composed of many nations, nationalities, ethnic groups, cultures, religions, etc...eg. Russia, Ottoman Empire | 13 | |
| 8459376819 | commercialization | an economic system in which merchants trade and invest money in order to make a profit; prices are determined by supply and demand | 14 | |
| 8459376820 | mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased | 15 | |
| 8459376821 | coercive | forced labor, including slavery | 16 | |
| 8459376822 | encomienda | a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance | 17 | |
| 8459376823 | Mita (aka repartimiento) | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year | 18 | |
| 8459376824 | indentured servitude | labor system where a person is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time, especially in return for payment of travel expenses | 19 | |
| 8459376825 | haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy | 20 | |
| 8459376826 | plantations/plantation systems | a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery) | 21 | |
| 8459376827 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World | 22 | |
| 8459376828 | creoles/criollos | in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents | 23 | |
| 8459376831 | mestizo | mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry | 24 | |
| 8459376832 | mulattoes | mixed Spanish and African ancestry | 25 | |
| 8459376833 | triangular trade | the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America | 26 | |
| 8459376834 | middle passage | the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade | 27 | |
| 8459376835 | Chattel slavery | concept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans | 28 | |
| 8459376838 | Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters | 29 | |
| 8459376839 | Protestant | a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation | 30 | |
| 8459376840 | indulgences | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$ | 31 | |
| 8459376841 | Predestination | Christian doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved (John Calvin) | 32 | |
| 8459376842 | Bhakti | a popular movement in Hinduism centered around the personal worship of gods, especially Vishnu and Shiva - especially popular with women | 33 | |
| 8459376845 | Martin Luther | wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation | 34 | |
| 8459376846 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire | 35 | |
| 8459376847 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire | 36 | |
| 8459376849 | Akbar | Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire and created Din-i-llahi to bring about religious unity | 37 | |
| 8459376850 | Atahualpa | Last Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro showed up | 38 | |
| 8459376851 | Montezuma II | Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan | 39 | |
| 8459376852 | Elizabeth I | last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers | 40 | |
| 8459376853 | Louis XIV | Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there | 41 | |
| 8459376855 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems | 42 | |
| 8459376857 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism | 43 | |
| 8459376858 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors | 44 | |
| 8459376859 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power | 45 | |
| 8459376860 | John Calvin | pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination | 46 | |
| 8459376861 | Galileo Galilei | Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory | 47 | |
| 8459376862 | Thomas Hobbes | English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government | 48 | |
| 8459376863 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church | 49 | |
| 8459376864 | King Henry VIII | Ruled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him | 50 | |
| 8459376866 | Anglican Church | Church of England | 51 | |
| 8459376867 | inquisition | established in the late twelfth century to root out and punish nonbelievers | 52 | |
| 8459376868 | Jesuits | society of Jesus | 53 | |
| 8459376871 | Peace of Westphalia | allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism | 54 | |
| 8459376875 | Sir Issac Newton | combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia | 55 | |
| 8459376876 | Encyclopedie | a vast series of articles on science, the arts, and philosophy edited by Denis Diderot | 56 | |
| 8459376879 | maritime empires | empires based on sea travel | 57 | |
| 8459376881 | sepoy | European-trained Indian private forces | 58 | |
| 8459376882 | caravel | a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships | 59 | |
| 8459376883 | Hispaniola | the name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic | 60 |
