Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.
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| 5986111488 | Early Modern Period | the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world) | 0 | |
| 5986111489 | Catholic Reformation | the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (Inquisition, Jesuits, Council of Trent) | 1 | |
| 5986111490 | Jesuits | a religious order converting people to return to the Catholic church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's) | 2 | |
| 5986111491 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the Catholic emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 3 | |
| 5986111492 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England. Netherlands gained independence | 4 | |
| 5986111493 | English Civil War | Revolution in England over the battle of Parliament and the Puritans against the Stuart King. The King was beheaded and England was ruled as a commonwealth | 5 | |
| 5986111494 | Scientific Revolution | a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century applying scientific inquiry and reason. aided by the Protestant Reformation and leading to the enlightenment | 6 | |
| 5986111495 | Scholasticism | Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion | 7 | |
| 5986111496 | Copernicus | heliocentric theory | 8 | |
| 5986111497 | Galileo | used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system (proving the heliocentric theory), until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas | 9 | |
| 5986111498 | Isaac Newton | discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws | 10 | |
| 5986111499 | Humanism | interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals | 11 | |
| 5986111501 | Medici | was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family | 12 | |
| 5986111502 | Erasmus | a humanist Dutch priest that published In Praise of Folly | 13 | |
| 5986111503 | Johan Gutenberg | created the printing press that spread the reformation and literacy | 14 | |
| 5986111504 | Nicolo Machiavelli | a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader --how to get and keep power | 15 | |
| 5986111505 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 16 | |
| 5986111506 | Indulgences | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church. | 17 | |
| 5986111507 | John Calvin | A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God and a belief in predestination | 18 | |
| 5986111508 | Anglican Church | A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife. | 19 | |
| 5986111510 | Edict of Nantes | The granting of tolerance to Protestants in France (HUguenots) through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV | 20 | |
| 5986111511 | Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church | 21 | |
| 5986111513 | Deism | God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. | 22 | |
| 5986111515 | Maritime Powers | Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims. | 23 | |
| 5986111516 | Renaissance | A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1350s-1600, that changed Europe forever | 24 | |
| 5986111517 | Adam Smith | He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations" He advocated the govt stay out of the ecnomy | 25 | |
| 5986111519 | Constitutional Monarchy | States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens | 26 | |
| 5986111521 | Enlightenment | the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought | 27 | |
| 5986111522 | John Locke | sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties...people create the govt to protect their natural rights | 28 | |
| 5986111523 | Thomas Hobbes | English political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | 29 | |
| 5986111524 | Montesquieu | advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power | 30 | |
| 5986111525 | Voltaire | wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms. advocated freedom of speech. | 31 | |
| 5986111526 | Rosseau | the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community ruled by general will | 32 | |
| 5986111527 | Hapsburg | A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273 | 33 | |
| 5986111528 | Holy Roman Empire | a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century | 34 | |
| 5986111529 | Reconquista | the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries. | 35 | |
| 5986111530 | Phillip II | ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century..sent the armada to defeat Spain and failed | 36 | |
| 5986111531 | Divine Right | with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries | 37 | |
| 5986111532 | Louis XIV | Divine Right monarch....built a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him | 38 | |
| 5986111533 | Absolute Monarchies | monarchies held complete control over their kingdom (cultural, political, social, economic) | 39 | |
| 5986111534 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner | 40 | |
| 5986111535 | Mercantilism | the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports by acquiring overseas colonies | 41 | |
| 5986111536 | Joint-stock Companies | these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. (Jamestown) | 42 | |
| 5986111540 | Versailles | a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'. | 43 | |
| 5986111541 | Zheng He | led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty. | 44 | |
| 5986111543 | Henry the Navigator | Prince who devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world (Portuguese) | 45 | |
| 5986111544 | Caravel | a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas | 46 | |
| 5986111545 | Vasco da Gama | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal | 47 | |
| 5986111546 | Christopher Columbus | convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West. | 48 | |
| 5986111547 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond. | 49 | |
| 5986111548 | Magellan | had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though he himself died in the phillipines | 50 | |
| 5986111549 | Conquistadors | went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico | 51 | |
| 5986111550 | Cortes | sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology | 52 | |
| 5986111552 | Francisco Pizzaro | led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold. | 53 | |
| 5986111558 | Peninsularies | social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world--held power | 54 | |
| 5986111559 | Mestizos | composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas | 55 | |
| 5986111560 | Mulattoes | composed of European and African children, also part of the castas | 56 | |
| 5986111561 | Council of Indies | supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies | 57 | |
| 5986111562 | Bartholomew Dias | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal | 58 | |
| 5986111563 | Encomienda | the system in which conquistadors gained land and had forced natives to do work for them | 59 | |
| 5986111564 | Creoles | composed of those born in the new world; a quickly middle class | 60 | |
| 5986111565 | Castas | social class system in the new world with Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom | 61 | |
| 5986111567 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific | 62 | |
| 5986111570 | Indentured Servitude | a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage | 63 | |
| 5986111571 | Columbian exchange | the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World | 64 | |
| 5986111573 | Middle Passage | the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world | 65 | |
| 5986111577 | Puritans | wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it, won the English civil war along with Parliament | 66 | |
| 5986111578 | French and Indian | part of the seven years war between France and Britain, resulted in France losing CAnada | 67 | |
| 5986111590 | Shah Abbas I | brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen | 68 | |
| 5986111591 | Devshirme | a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves in Ottoman Empire | 69 | |
| 5986111593 | Battle of Chaldrian | The Shi'ite (Safavid) versus Sunni (Ottoman) conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, that set the limits for Shi'ite expansion and proved the importance of guns | 70 | |
| 5986111595 | Gunpowder Empires | an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire) | 71 | |
| 5986111596 | Suleiman the Magnificent | ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea | 72 | |
| 5986111597 | Janissaries | Checked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group that had guns in the Ottoman empire | 73 | |
| 5986111600 | Battle at Lepanto | a famous sea battle with the Ottomans vs Philip II. Ottomans and their Muslim allies lost control of many ports in this war. stopped the Ottoman advance into Med. Sea | 74 | |
| 5986111601 | Safavid Empire | an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims in Persia, | 75 | |
| 5986111606 | Babur | founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526) | 76 | |
| 5986111608 | Akbar | the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent. | 77 | |
| 5986111609 | Taj Mahal | a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife. | 78 | |
| 5986111612 | Mughal Empire | an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s and brought more Islam to India | 79 | |
| 5986111624 | Peter the Great | The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports trying to modernize Russia | 80 | |
| 5986111628 | Daimyo | power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai----declined in power along with samurai under Tokugawa | 81 | |
| 5986111631 | Tokugawa Shogunate | a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. time of peace, cut Japan off to foreigners excpet one port with the dutch | 82 | |
| 5986111632 | Alternate attendance | Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired | 83 | |
| 5986111635 | Queue | a Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty | 84 | |
| 5986111639 | Qing Dynasty | The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu | 85 | |
| 5986111640 | Forbidden City | was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing | 86 | |
| 5986305597 | Glorious Revolution | Made England permanently a limited or Constitutional monarchy when Wm and Mary signed the English bill of rights | 87 | |
| 5986308812 | Triangular Trade | trade route involving Africa, Europe and the New world and included the slave trade | 88 | |
| 5986311580 | horses, cattle pigs | came from the old to new world | 89 | |
| 5986312556 | squash, potatoes, tobacco and corn | came from the new to old world | 90 | |
| 5986316196 | Peace of Augsburg | granted German princes the right to choose their religion for their kingdom | 91 | |
| 5986317432 | Elizabeth | made the Anglican church the official church of England | 92 |
