Notes for the AP exam for the fourth period.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1452125589 | Reconquista | The Spanish and Portuguese reconquered areas of the Iberian peninsula from Muslim control. | 0 | |
| 1452125590 | The Protestant Reformation | A splitting of the Western Christian church that resulted in Catholic missionary vigor. | 1 | |
| 1452125591 | God, Gold, and Glory | Columbus convinced the Spaniards to fund and expedition for God and gold, but wanted prestige for himself. | 2 | |
| 1452125592 | The Colombian Exchange | A two-way exchange between the Americas and Europe. Europeans brought horses pig, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, what and rice to the Americas. Sugarcane plantations were established in the Caribbean, and resulted in slavery. Europeans brought back staples like potatoes, corn, and tomatoes. Smallpox was brought to the Americas. | 3 | |
| 1452125593 | Triangle Trade | Sugar, rum, and cod were shipped to Europe and exchanged for silver that was shipped to Africa in exchange for slaves. These slaves were then sent to the America. | 4 | |
| 1452125594 | Mercantilism | Europeans used raw materials from colonies to manufacture their own products to sell globally. | 5 | |
| 1452125595 | The Manchus | Manchurians who defeated Ming leadership and established the Qing Dynasty. They remained an ethnic minority, but adopted Chinese language, beliefs (Confucianism), and bureaucracy (they, too, used the mandate of heaven for legitimacy). | 6 | |
| 1452125596 | Creole elites | The new ruling class in Latin America (American-born Europeans). They were second on the societal pyramid. | 7 | |
| 1452125597 | Peninsulares | European settlers in Latin America. They were at the top of Latin American society and government. | 8 | |
| 1452125598 | Mestizos | Mixed-race peoples in Latin America. The lighter their skin, the higher their social standing was. | 9 | |
| 1452125599 | Martin Luther | A Roman Catholic priest who began the Protestant Reformation. He challenged authority and rejected Catholic teachings (like the abuses of some Catholic leaders). His key concept was equality of all believers before God, and he did not offer any official roles for women in church (unlike Catholicism). | 10 | |
| 1452125600 | The Catholic Reformation | A Catholic "counter-attack" by Jesuits after the Protestant Reformation. They called themselves the Army of the Pope. | 11 | |
| 1452125601 | The Scientific Revolution | European scientists refined and accumulated scientific and mathematical skills, resulting in reduced divine explanations for everyday events. | 12 | |
| 1452125602 | Encomienda | Spanish colonists used disease-survivors in the Americas for forced labor. | 13 | |
| 1452125603 | Indentured Servitude | A servant was hired by a sponsor and had to work with no pay for about seven years. Examples are in England's colonies, and in the Caribbean and Brazil. | 14 | |
| 1452125604 | The Qing Dynasty | A Chinese imperial dynasty that conducted campaigns in Mongolia to prevent Mongol invasions. They were religiously and culturally tolerant, as long as you obeyed the law, but they limited pastoral migrations. | 15 | |
| 1452125605 | Ivan the Great | A Russian leader who began Russia's entry into world affairs by running of the last Mongol leaders. | 16 | |
| 1452125606 | Ivan the Terrible | A Russian leader who began a conquest of Siberia that continued for one hundred years. | 17 | |
| 1452125607 | Peter and Catherine the Great | Russian leaders who added territories to Russia north of the Black and Caspian seas. Peter set up St. Petersburg as the capital. Both Catherine and Peter modernized the military and invited foreigners into the court. They attempted westernization, but neither ended serfdom or absolute monarchy. | 18 | |
| 1452125608 | Viceroys | Assistant kings who ruled over colonies and reported to the king. | 19 | |
| 1452125609 | The Glorious Revolution | England firmly established a constitutional monarchy, which all European nations later copied. | 20 | |
| 1452125610 | Janissaries and the Devshirme System | Muslim leaders of the Ottoman Empire demanded that non-Muslim families hand over young boys (janissaries) to be recruited for the Turkish military (devshrime system). | 21 | |
| 1452125611 | The Tokugawa Shogunate | After Europeans took advantage of the Japanese, the Tokugawa family reunited Japan through military conquests over its rivals. They established a Shogunate (a system in which a military dictator ruled). This Shogunate persecuted Christians and became very isolationist (they only traded with the Dutch). | 22 | |
| 1452125612 | Akbar | A Mughal ruler who extended religious toleration for Hindus. | 23 | |
| 1452125613 | Aztecs | An empire that expanded through conquest and tribute. Aztec rulers claimed to be descended from gods. Human sacrifice was practiced immensely (they needed human blood in order for the sun to rise). Due to internal pressures and Spanish invaders, the empire crumbled. | 24 | |
| 1452125614 | Incas | An empire that expanded through conquest, and tribute, but incorporated the vanquished into their empire. All land and food was owned by the government (sometimes called 'socialism'). They had their own record-keeping system, known as quipu. They collapsed due to internal and external pressures. | 25 | |
| 1452125615 | Hagia Sophia | A building in Istanbul, Turkey that was once a church but became a mosque. This is an example of the blending of Greek Orthodox and Islamic architecture. | 26 |
