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| 13891564707 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 0 | |
| 13891573443 | Commercialization | The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity. | 1 | |
| 13891579247 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 2 | |
| 13891582878 | Joint Stock Companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 3 | |
| 13891591465 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 4 | |
| 13891598850 | Indulgence | A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins | 5 | |
| 13891603442 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 6 | |
| 13891608937 | Protestantism | a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church | 7 | |
| 13891624552 | Lutheranism | A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther | 8 | |
| 13891629935 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 9 | |
| 13891644321 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. | 10 | |
| 13891658066 | Absolutism | A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. | 11 | |
| 13891666486 | Little Ice Age | Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. | 12 | |
| 13891669677 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 13 | |
| 13891678170 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | 14 | |
| 13891688264 | Manchu | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries | 15 | |
| 13891692204 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 16 | |
| 13891705168 | Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. | 17 |
