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| 11049869348 | absolutism | concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France |  | 0 |
| 11049869349 | divine right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |  | 1 |
| 11049869350 | Parliamentary monarchy | originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments |  | 2 |
| 11049869351 | ethnocentrism | regarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others |  | 3 |
| 11049869352 | conquistador | the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century |  | 4 |
| 11049869353 | colonialism | control by one power over a dependent area or people |  | 5 |
| 11049869354 | Viceroy | member of the nobility appointed to rule a country or province as the deputy of the sovereign - means in place of the king |  | 6 |
| 11049869355 | Columbian Exchange | global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas |  | 7 |
| 11049869356 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century |  | 8 |
| 11049869357 | Devshirme | in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers |  | 9 |
| 11049869358 | Shah | King, title of the Mughal and Safavid emperors |  | 10 |
| 11049869359 | Vizier | head of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan |  | 11 |
| 11049869360 | Sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) |  | 12 |
| 11049869361 | Harem | the women in a Muslin household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, entertainers, and servants - the Ottoman Sultans had large harems |  | 13 |
| 11049869362 | tsar, czar | Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) |  | 14 |
| 11049869363 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to lands in the southern parts of Russia, combined agriculture with military conquests |  | 15 |
| 11049869364 | Westernization | to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe | 16 | |
| 11049869365 | mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased. Often led to the hoarding of wealth, for because it could be needed unexpectedly for war. |  | 17 |
| 11049869366 | Joint-Stock Company | A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Started by the Dutch East Indian Trading Co. A significant part of mercantilism, in bringing raw materials from colonies. |  | 18 |
| 11049869367 | encomienda | a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance |  | 19 |
| 11049869368 | Mita (aka repartimiento) | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year |  | 20 |
| 11049869369 | Silver in Colonial Latin America | mining in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish coerced (forced) natives to work in the mines. Spain became very wealthly and powerful from silver profits, using it to trade around the world, especially in China. |  | 21 |
| 11049869370 | haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy |  | 22 |
| 11049869371 | plantations/plantation systems | a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery) |  | 23 |
| 11049869372 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. (Born on the Iberian Peninsula.) |  | 24 |
| 11049869373 | creoles/criollos | in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents |  | 25 |
| 11049869374 | mestizo | mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |  | 26 |
| 11049869375 | mulattoes | mixed Spanish and African ancestry |  | 27 |
| 11049869376 | zambos | those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry |  | 28 |
| 11049869377 | galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of silver bullion |  | 29 |
| 11049869378 | triangular trade | the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America |  | 30 |
| 11049869379 | middle passage | the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade |  | 31 |
| 11049869380 | Chattel slavery | concept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans |  | 32 |
| 11049869381 | Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |  | 33 |
| 11049869382 | Protestant | a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation |  | 34 |
| 11049869383 | indulgences | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$ |  | 35 |
| 11049869384 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 and discovered the Cape of Good Hope |  | 36 |
| 11049869385 | Christopher Columbus | explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened up the Americas to European exploration. Sailed for the Spanish crown in an attempt to find a new trade route to the East Indies |  | 37 |
| 11049869386 | Martin Luther | wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation |  | 38 |
| 11049869387 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire |  | 39 |
| 11049869388 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire |  | 40 |
| 11049869389 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer. Commanded the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India |  | 41 |
| 11049869390 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe. |  | 42 |
| 11049869391 | Akbar | Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire. |  | 43 |
| 11049869392 | Shah Jahan | Akbar's Grandson and king. ruled 1628-1658, built the Taj Majhal |  | 44 |
| 11049869393 | Atahualpa | Last Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro arrived. |  | 45 |
| 11049869394 | Montezuma II | Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan |  | 46 |
| 11049869395 | Elizabeth I | last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers |  | 47 |
| 11049869396 | Louis XIV | AKA Sun King. Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there. |  | 48 |
| 11049869397 | Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) | Grand Prince of Moscow - first ruler to be crowned as Czar of all the Russias and managed many changes that allowed Russia to become an empire |  | 49 |
| 11049869398 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems |  | 50 |
| 11049869399 | King Nzinga/Afonso I | ruler of the Kingdom of the Kongo during the height of the Portuguese slave trade in the region. Converted to Christianity and adopted some European ideas during his reign |  | 51 |
| 11049869400 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism |  | 52 |
| 11049869401 | Shah Ismail I | founder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran. |  | 53 |
| 11049869402 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors |  | 54 |
| 11049869403 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power |  | 55 |
| 11049869404 | John Calvin | pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination |  | 56 |
| 11049869405 | Scientific Revolution | a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Renaissance -> Scientific Revolution -> Enlightenment. | 57 | |
| 11049869406 | Galileo Galilei | Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory. |  | 58 |
| 11049869407 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church |  | 59 |
| 11049869408 | Sir Issac Newton | combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia |  | 60 |
| 11049869409 | Thomas Hobbes | English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government |  | 61 |
| 11049869410 | King Henry VIII | Ruled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him |  | 62 |
| 11049869411 | Anglican Church | Church of England (Protestant Church established by Henry VIII) |  | 63 |
| 11049869412 | maritime empires | empires based on sea travel |  | 64 |
| 11049869413 | Prince Henry the Navigator | the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold |  | 65 |
| 11049869414 | caravel | a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships |  | 66 |
| 11049869415 | Hispaniola | the name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic |  | 67 |
| 11049869416 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserving all land to the west of a meridian and Portugal reserving all land to the east of that meridian |  | 68 |
| 11049869417 | Sikhism | blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. |  | 69 |
| 11049869418 | Little Ice Age | 300-year mini-ice age from 1550 to 1850. Led to mass starvation and peasant rebellions in Ming Dynasty China. |  | 70 |
| 11049869419 | Ming Dynasty | 1368-1644, Dynasty who sent Zheng He on a series of naval voyages. Built the majority of the parts of the Great Wall that still exists. |  | 71 |
| 11049869420 | Zheng He | • Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty • explored as far as Africa • traded & collected tribute |  | 72 |
| 11049869421 | Qing Dynasty | AKA Manchus (ethnic group). TAfricanhe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries |  | 73 |
| 11049869422 | Astrolabe | A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars |  | 74 |
| 11049869423 | African Diaspora | Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the Trans-Atlantic trade. |  | 75 |
| 11049869424 | Printing Press | 1440. invented by Guttenberg; led to more literacy and spread of ideas |  | 76 |
| 11049869425 | Tokugawa Period | 1603-1867 period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns. Pax Tokugawa. Generally isolationist, but traded with the Portuguese, who brought the first guns to Japan. |  | 77 |
| 11049869426 | Songhay Empire | 1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Mail collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. Islamic. |  | 78 |
| 11049869427 | Kingdom of Kongo | Central African kingdom that converted to Christianity via trade with the Portuguese. |  | 79 |
