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AP World History - Period 4 Flashcards

Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.

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7810109017Early Modern Periodthe time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)0
7810109018Catholic Reformationthe church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)1
7810109019Jesuitsa religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)2
7810109020Thirty Years WarWar within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia3
7810109021Treaty of WestphaliaEnded the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.4
7810109022English Civil WarThis was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.5
7810109023Scientific Revolutiona new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century6
7810109024ScholasticismScholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion7
7810109025Brahe & Keplerdeveloped a more complex theory from Copernicus in 16108
7810109026Galileoused the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas9
7810109027Isaac Newtondiscovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws10
7810109028Humanisminterest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals11
7810109029Patronssupporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young12
7810109030Mediciwas a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family13
7810109031Erasmusa humanist Dutch priest that published the first edition of the New Testament in Greek in 151614
7810109032Johan Gutenberga German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 145415
7810109033Nicolo Machiavellia Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states16
7810109034Protestant Reformationa religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches17
7810109035IndulgencesThe Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church.18
7810109036John CalvinA protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.19
7810109037Anglican ChurchA form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.20
7810109038Nicholas Copernicusa Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.21
7810109039Edict of NantesThe granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV22
7810109040Martin Luthera German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church23
7810109041Renaissance ManTitle of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era.24
7810109042DeismGod built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.25
7810109043Land-based PowersA shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected26
7810109044Sea-based PowersSea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.27
7810109045RenaissanceA heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever28
7810109046Adam SmithHe analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"29
7810109047New MonarchiesMonarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions30
7810109048Constitutional MonarchyStates where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens31
7810109049Gentrythe most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy32
7810109050Enlightenmentthe emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought33
7810109051John Lockesought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties34
7810109052Thomas HobbesEnglish materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)35
7810109053Montesquieuadmired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power36
7810109054Voltairewrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms37
7810109055Rosseauthe most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community38
7810109056HapsburgA powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 127339
7810109057Holy Roman Empirea place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century40
7810109058Reconquestthe retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.41
7810109059Phillip IIruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century42
7810109060Divine Rightwith God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries43
7810109061Louis XIVUnderstood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him44
7810109062Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchiesabsolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power.45
7810109063Capitalisman economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner46
7810109064Mercantilismthe responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)47
7810109065Joint-stock Companiesthese companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.48
7810109066Putting out systemthe concept of producing goods in the countryside outside the guilds control by delivering raw materials to their homes, where they are transformed into finished products to be used up later49
7810109067Bourgeoisemiddle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses50
7810109068Balance of Powerstates forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW)51
7810109069Versaillesa place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'.52
7810109070Zheng Heled expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.53
7810109071Yonglesomething of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritimes expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.54
7810109072Henry the Navigatorthe third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world55
7810109073Caravela new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas56
7810109074Vasco da Gamaset out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal57
7810109075Christopher ColumbusA Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.58
7810109076Treaty of Tordesillas "Tortillas"a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.59
7810109077Magellanhad a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines60
7810109078Conquistadorswent to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico61
7810109079Cortessought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology62
7810109080Moctezumathe Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.63
7810109081Francisco Pizzaroled a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.64
7810109082Atahualpathe leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled65
7810109083Ethnocentrismthe term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior66
7810109084De La Casasa conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights67
7810109085Franciscanspeoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.68
7810109086EncomenderosSpanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas69
7810109087Peninsulariesa fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world70
7810109088Mestizoscomposed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas71
7810109089Mulattoescomposed of European and African children, also part of the castas72
7810109090Council of Indiessupervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies73
7810109091Bartholomew Diasset out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal74
7810109092Encomiendathe system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them75
7810109093Creolescomposed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class76
7810109094Castasa middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom77
7810109095Protestant work ethica work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth78
7810109096Dutch East India Companya joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific79
7810109097Lost ColonyThe colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast.80
7810109098Mercantilisma system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country81
7810109099Indentured Servitudea system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage82
7810109100Columbian exchangethe global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World83
7810109101Atlantic Circuita clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean84
7810109102Middle Passagethe first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world85
7810109103Manila Galleonsships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver86
7810109104House of Burgessesthe elected assembly in the colonies that initiated a form of democratic representation87
7810109105Pilgrimssettled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands88
7810109106Puritanswanted to purify Church of England, not break with it89
7810109107Iroquois ConfederacyDutch merchants established trading relationships with these guys90
7810109108Plantocracya small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power91
7810109109Seasoninga period of adjustment to a new environment, like with the slaves92
7810109110Manumissionlegal grant of freedom to an individual slave93
7810109111Maroonsrunaway slaves in the Carribean94
7810109112KongoChristian missionaries went to this kingdom just south of the Congo River, where Christian Missionaries converted its inhabitants to Christianity95
7810109113African DiasporaThe spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 175096
7810109114AsanteProduced insignificant amounts of gold and Kola nuts, they rose in West Africa on the Gold Coast.97
7810109115BeninNot really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings98
7810109116Dahomeya kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court99
7810109117Cape Colonyone of the two beachland colonies established by the Europeans in the 16th century, functioned as a major coastal for travelers.100
7810109118Hidden Imamthe 12th descendant of Muhammad, who in the end disappeared as a child101
7810109119Shah Abbas Ibrought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen102
7810109120Devshirmea system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves103
7810109121Qizilbashfought against Janissaries in a great religious conflict. (Chaldiran)104
7810109122Battle of ChaldrianThe Shi'ite versus Sunni conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, that set the limits for Shi'ite expansion105
7810109123Isfahan vs. IstanbulThese two places differed in the sense the first was far from cosmopolitan, Shi'ite, and have international trade, while the latter had more numerous, and guilds organized merchants106
7810109124Gunpowder Empiresan age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire)107
7810109125Suleiman the Magnificentruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea108
7810109126JanissariesChecked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group109
7810109127Vizierhead of the imperial administration in the Ottoman empire who took care of the day to day work of the empire, aiding the Sultan110
7810109128Ottoman Lakethe Mediterranean Sea controlled by the empire with this name111
7810109129Battle at Lepantoa famous sea battle with the Ottomans vs Philip II. Ottomans and their Muslim allies lost control of many ports in this war.112
7810109130Safavid Empirean empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims113
7810109131Imamsheirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims114
7810109132Ismaila person who united a large area south of the caspian sea and of the Ottoman empire. An army emerged under him, as well as declared Twelver shi'ism for his new Safavid realm115
7810109133Twelver shi'isma religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'116
7810109134Mansabscertain ranks in government by Akbar, which entitled their holder to revenue assignments117
7810109135Baburfounded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526)118
7810109136Purdaha woman's seclusion from society in India, which was more enforced for upper class women, who did not leave home unescorted119
7810109137Akbarthe grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent.120
7810109138Taj Mahala building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife.121
7810109139Satithe ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women122
7810109140Divine Faitha combination religion consisting of Muslim, Zorastriam, Christian, Sikh beliefs, with the catch being cementing loyalty to the empreror123
7810109141Mughal Empirean empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s124
7810109142Sikhismstarted by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions125
7810109143Army of the Purean army led to challenge the Mughal army and to assert Sikh beliefs aggressively; combined with other upheavel of the 18th century to seriously weaken the Mughal empire126
7810109144Fetehpur SilkriAkbar's entirely new capital city, showing the Mughal love for magnificent architecture.127
7810109145RajputsHindu warriors from the north, who made up 15 percent of Mansabars128
7810109146Ivan IVIvan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased129
7810109147Great Northern WarWar that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power130
7810109148Kabukia form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts)131
7810109149Ivan IIIdeclared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome"132
7810109150CossacksPeasants, who Ivan III consolidated land hold by recruiting them133
7810109151BoyarsThe nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar134
7810109152Time of TroubleThe time of following Ivan's rule. Ivan executed his oldest son, touching off competition among Boyars for the throne.135
7810109153Peter the GreatThe tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports136
7810109154St. PetersburgThe "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries)137
7810109155Table of RanksA system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy)138
7810109156Tsara derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia139
7810109157Daimyopower territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai140
7810109158Toyotomi Hideyoshia competent, Daimyo general who broke the power of warring daimyos and eventually unified Japan under his own authority. His ambitions stretched far, and he sparked the Unification of Japan141
7810109159Tokigawa legasuled the meetings of Daimyos after Hideyoshi's death, by the Togugawa shogunate142
7810109160Tokugawa Shogunatea centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called "Ba***u", was a tent government, which was temporary143
7810109161Alternate attendanceRequired Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired144
7810109162Floating WorldsSettings for the Kabuki plays, which consisted of an urban jumble of buildings, allowing people to escape from the rigid public decorum in outside society145
7810109163Banrakua pupper theater with a team of 3 that told a story through puppets in Japan146
7810109164Queuea Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty147
7810109165Kangxione of the rulers of the Manchu dynasty, helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. A sophisticated confucian scholar as well. His reign brought an empire that grew dramatically.148
7810109166Macartney Missionthe dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire, as well the d Macartney esire to reuse the trade system149
7810109167Matteo RicciA Jesuit missionary who helped to try and convert emperor Wudi. Though failed at primary goal, they did open the country to European influence, primarily through their gadgets and technology150
7810109168Qing DynastyThe name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu151
7810109169Forbidden Citywas the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing152
7810109170Kowtowa special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling153
7810109171Qianlonga ruler of the Manchu dynasty who helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. He brought much prosperity that he cancelled taxes 4 times154

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