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| 13757480978 | Reformation | a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches. | 0 | |
| 13757480979 | Counter Reformation | A reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that arose in 16th-century Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation. | 1 | |
| 13757480980 | 95 Theses | Complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church, nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation. | 2 | |
| 13757480981 | Spanish Inquisition | A court established with the consent of the Vatican to search out and punish the Jews who claimed to have converted to Christianity but were still secretly practicing the Jewish religion, which had been outlawed in Spain in 1492. Subsequently the inquisition, which was not bound by civil law and which employed torture, also turned against Christians who were not properly observant. | 3 | |
| 13757480982 | Anglican | A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious beliefs, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife. | 4 | |
| 13757480983 | Atahualpa | The leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizarro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled. | 5 | |
| 13757480984 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bought and sold in a free manner. An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand. | 6 | |
| 13757480985 | Henry VIII | son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547). He established the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy (1534) after divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the first of his six wives, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church. | 7 | |
| 13757480986 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor-heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage-united empire. | 8 | |
| 13757480987 | Council of Trent | A group leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church. | 9 | |
| 13757480988 | Dutch East India Company | A joint stock company that specialized in the spices and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch trading in the Pacific. | 10 | |
| 13757480989 | Elizabeth I | England monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious, problems in the country, Golden Age of England-Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility. | 11 | |
| 13757480990 | Encomienda system | The system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them. A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provide the grand holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. A concession system from the Spanish crown to a colonist, giving the colonist permission to exact tribute from a specified number of Native Americans living in a specific area. Conditions were cruel and the Spanish attempt to convert Indians to Christianity. | 12 | |
| 13757480991 | Francisco Pizarro | Led a group of soldiers to the Andes. To find the Inca. The Incas were weak; he conquered and got gold. | 13 | |
| 13757480992 | Hernán Cortés | Sought to find the Aztec capital and took over the Aztec land with the help of the Amerindians, disease and technology. | 14 | |
| 13757480993 | Ignatius Loyola | Leader of Jesuit pushed for universities, education, human rights. | 15 | |
| 13757480994 | Indulgence | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s and was part of the growing corruption of the Church. In the Roman Catholic Church, the remission from the punishments of sin, obtainable through good works or special prayers and granted by the Church through the meritś of Christ and the saints. In the sixteenth century, the Church began to sell this, precipitating the reforms of Martin Luther. | 16 | |
| 13757480995 | Jesuits | A religious order converting people to return to the Church (went to Asia and America in 1500s). | 17 | |
| 13757480996 | John Calvin | A Protestant who established a variation. Of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God. | 18 | |
| 13757480997 | Louis XIV | Understood the importance of a theatre state by building a magnificent palace at Versailles and the apex of absolutism occurred under him. | 19 | |
| 13757480998 | Martin Luther | A German monk, who wrote the 95 Theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church. | 20 | |
| 13757480999 | Mercantilism | A system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefits the mother country. An economic policy pursued by many European nations between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It aimed to strengthen an individual nation's economic power at the expense of it's rivals by stockpiling reserves of billion, which involved government regulations of trade. | 21 | |
| 13757481000 | Glorious Revolution | the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689). | 22 | |
| 13757481001 | English Bill of Rights | an English statute of 1689 confirming, with minor changes, the Declaration of Rights, declaring the rights and liberties of the subjects and settling the succession in William III and Mary II. | 23 | |
| 13757481002 | Moctezuma II | The Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520). | 24 | |
| 13757481003 | Mughal Empire | An empire that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia which dominated India until early 1700s. Muslim empire founded by Babur (a descendant of Timur) which extended over India. Experienced prosperity peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule (Toleration). | 25 | |
| 13757481004 | Nation-state | A sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which defines a nation, such as language or common descent. Typically it is a military state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by defines a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself. A states occupying geographic territory, with its own government, and having a population with a widely shared language, religion, history, and ethnicity. It has defined itself, in part, by its uniqueness and its separation from other nation-states. | 26 | |
| 13757481005 | Ottoman Empire | Empire covered Modern day Turkey, Greece, the Balkans and part of North Africa. | 27 | |
| 13757481006 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | the first czar of Russia (1530-1584). He is a grand duke of Muscovy (1533-47) and first tsar of Russia (1547-84). He conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556), and Siberia (1581), but was defeated by Poland in the Livonian War (1558-82) after which his rule became increasingly oppressive | 28 | |
| 13757481007 | Peter the Great | The Tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724 who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally and expanded. | 29 | |
| 13757481008 | Philip II | Ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century water ports. | 30 | |
| 13757481009 | Samurai | Warrior class top during Shogunate in Japan. The hereditary warrior-aristocrats of Japanese society, known for their codes of honor and loyalty. Only these people were permitted to wear swords in their everyday dress. | 31 | |
| 13757481010 | Serfdom | A status of peasants: not exactly slaves; predominantly the labor system. An agricultural worker or peasant bound to the land and legally dependent on the lord. Serfs had their own homes, plots and livestocks, but they owed the lord labor, dues, and services. These services could be commuted to rent, but serfs remained chattels of the lord unless they were emancipated, or escaped. Serfdom declined in Western Europe in the late medieval period, but persisted in parts of Eastern Europe until the nineteenth century. | 32 | |
| 13757481011 | Shogun | In Japanese, feudalism society, supreme military commander who held more power than the emperor. The military dictator of Japan, a hereditary title held by three families between 1192 and 1867. Although they were legally subservient to the emperor, their military power gave them effective control of the country. | 33 | |
| 13757481012 | Spanish Armada | Fleet assembled by King Phillip II of Spain to invade England. The Armada was defeated by the shall of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault England as an emerging sea power; it was one of great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I. Defeated helped bring the decline of Spanish empire (1588). | 34 | |
| 13757481013 | Scientific Revolution | the period of great advances in the sciences, roughly 1500-1700. | 35 | |
| 13757481014 | Copernicus | 1473-1543, Polish astronomer, whose theory of the solar system (the Copernican system) was published in 1543. | 36 | |
| 13757481015 | Galileo | 1564-1642, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He discovered the isochronism of the pendulum and demonstrated that falling bodies of different weights descend at the same rate. He perfected the refracting telescope, which led to his discovery of Jupiter's satellites, sunspots, and craters on the Earth's moon. He was forced by the Inquisition to recant his support of the Copernican system. | 37 | |
| 13757481016 | Francis Bacon | English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626). | 38 | |
| 13757481017 | Renee Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650). | 39 | |
| 13757481018 | Scientific Method | A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. | 40 | |
| 13757481019 | Enlightenment | an 18th-century philosophical movement stressing the importance of reason and the critical reappraisal of existing ideas and social institutions. | 41 | |
| 13757481020 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521). | 42 | |
| 13757481021 | Francis Drake | English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596). | 43 | |
| 13757481022 | Aborigines | The Australian nomadic people who lived nomadically by hunting and gathering retreated the British people and their control. They resisted till 10 years stealing British guns etc. Today, they live in a reservation in arid inland regions. | 44 | |
| 13757481023 | Akbar | Greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty-religious tolerance created Din-i-llahi art, literature. Height of the Mughal Empire. Expanded his empire to control much of subcontinent. | 45 | |
| 13757481024 | Antipodes | Australia and New Zealand, the direct opposite of something. | 46 | |
| 13757481025 | Columbian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the people of the Americas and the old world and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 47 | |
| 13757481026 | Demography | The study of human populations in quantitative terms, usually considered a subs field of sociology. Demographics considered such data as birthrates and death rates, fertility and morbidity and immigration and emigration, among many others. | 48 | |
| 13757481027 | Indentured labor | Labor performed under signed indenture or contract which binds the laborer to work for a specific employer for a specified time, usually years, often in a distant place, exchange for transportation and maintenance. | 49 | |
| 13757481028 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered of several Pacific islands. He made 3 voyages and described Australian people as peaceful unlike Tasman's explanation. | 50 | |
| 13757481029 | Janissaries | Checked the military power, of the sultan, being an elite military group. | 51 | |
| 13757481030 | Joseph Banks | Reported on natural resources of all land. | 52 | |
| 13757481031 | Maori | Indigenous group of New Zealand who signed treaty with British settlers that gave sovereignty to theBritish crown. They ga e equal rights to British and Moari. British had war with them that killed them out of the New Zealand's richest land areas. | 53 | |
| 13757481032 | Mehmed II the Conqueror | 1480, first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Ceaser of the Roman Empire, (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople in 1453. | 54 | |
| 13757481033 | Ming Dynasty | Closed foreign trade in an attempt to built internal economy and defending the borders against Mongols and Manchu attacks. Repaired Great Wall of China. Between 1/3 and 1/2 of the silver went to China since it has people pay taxes in the form of silver. | 55 | |
| 13757481034 | Qing (Manchu) Dynasty | Established people Canton system, restricting European traders to the area around canton doubled the size of their empire. The pull of the chinas market push European merchants to trade and explore. | 56 | |
| 13757481035 | Safavid | Militantly religious teaching of Shaykh Safi-al-Din-> followers called Safavid claimed political and religious authority capital Isfahan, failed to have centralized monarchy. | 57 | |
| 13757481036 | Shah Abbas | Brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slaves infantrymen built military capacity of the country, murdered. Sunnis and Sufis. Force Jews and Zoroastrians to convert to Islam. | 58 | |
| 13757481037 | Sufis | In Islam, a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship that first arose in the 18th and 19th centuries CE. | 59 | |
| 13757481038 | Suleiman I the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; ruled from 1520-1566, significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 60 | |
| 13757481039 | Shah Jahan | Mughal emperor of India (1628-1658) whose reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. He had the Taj Mahal built as a memorial to his favorite wife. | 61 | |
| 13757481040 | Taj Mahal | a white marble mausoleum in central India, in Agra on the Jumna River: built (1632-43) by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal; regarded as the finest example of Mogul architecture. | 62 | |
| 13757481041 | British East India Company | the company chartered in 1600 by the British government to trade in the East Indies: after being driven out by the Dutch, it developed trade with India until the Indian Mutiny (1857), when the Crown took over the administration: the company was dissolved in 1874. | 63 | |
| 13757481042 | Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | the business of trading in slaves, esp the transportation of Black Africans to America from the 16th to 19th centuries. | 64 | |
| 13757481043 | Osman Bey | 1259-1326, Turkish emir 1299-1326: founder of the Ottoman dynasty. | 65 | |
| 13757481044 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. | 66 | |
| 13757481045 | Divine Right | doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes; "the doctrine of the divine right of kings was enunciated by the Stuarts in Britain in the 16th century". | 67 | |
| 13757481046 | Catherine the Great | 1762, ruled for 34 years expanded border of Russia to Black and Caspian Sea reduced low status of serf and expanded burden of serfdom and to the conquered land people. | 68 | |
| 13757481047 | Repartimiento system | A system in Mexico by which the Spanish crown allowed colonists to employ Indians for forced labor. Conditions were virtual slavery. | 69 | |
| 13757481048 | Gazis | Turkish warriors often practicing mystical and ecstatic rituals, who accompanied the troops and introduced Islam within the conquered regions. | 70 | |
| 13757481049 | Syncretism | Refers to the mixture of different cultural traditions. The terms is also used to refer to hybridity in other areas, such as art, music, philosophy, and religion. | 71 | |
| 13757481050 | Yuan Dynasty | Chinese Dynasty, set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song Dynasty, changed to bureaucracy to the best of best get the job; tried to keep Chinese from having any political power. Buddhism prospers, tolerance of other culture. | 72 | |
| 13757481051 | Shah Isma'il | (born July 17, died May 23, shah of Iran (1501-24) and religious leader who founded the Ṣafavid dynasty (the first native dynasty to rule the kingdom in 800 years) and converted Iran from the Sunni to the Shīʿite sect of Islam. | 73 | |
| 13757481052 | Matteo Ricci | Jesuit missionaries to China, people converted to Christianity, mastered Chinese languages. | 74 | |
| 13757481053 | Conquistadores | The Spanish soldiers who invaded and conquered the kingdoms in the New World, especially in Mexico and Peru. | 75 | |
| 13757481054 | Mit'a | A system of forced labor in Peru, begun under Inca rule, by which indigenous communities were required to contribute a set number of laborers for public works for a given period. Conditions were virtual slavery. | 76 | |
| 13757481055 | Hacienda | A large rural estate in Spanish America, originating with Spanish colonization in the sixteenth century. | 77 | |
| 13757481056 | Protestant Reformation | The movement in the sixteenth century Europe, in which Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII, and others broke away from the Catholic Church. | 78 | |
| 13757481057 | Bourse | Another name for stock exchange, especially in Europe. | 79 | |
| 13757481058 | Balance of power | In international relations, a policy that aims to secure peace by preventing any one state or alignment of states from becoming too dominant. Alliances are formed to build up a force equal or superior to that of the potential enemy. | 80 | |
| 13757481059 | Asiento | The right granted to England by Spain to carry all the slave cargoes from Africa to Spanish America, and the additional right to bring one goods ship each year to Panama. | 81 | |
| 13757481060 | Enlightened despotism | A benevolent form of absolutism, a system of government in which the ruler has absolute rights over his or her subjects. The term implies that the ruler acts for the good of the people, not in self interest. | 82 |
