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AP World History Period 5-2 Flashcards

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12958896785Scientific Methoda logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world where experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses0
12958896786Social Contractthe agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government (Rousseau)1
12958896787Natural Rightsthe rights that all people are born with - according to John Locke, the rights of life, liberty, and property2
12958896788Enlightened DespotOne of the 18th century European monarchs who were inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of their subjects (Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia)3
12958896789Separation of Powersthe assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government ("Power should be a check to power" - Baron Montesquieu)4
12958896790Philosophesgroup of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment5
12958896791Federal systemsystem of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states6
12958896792Checks and balancesmeasures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others7
12958896793Old Regimepolitical and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution (left over from the Middle Ages)8
12958896794estateone of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution (First Estate=clergy; Second Estate=nobility; Third Estate=rest of the population)9
12958896795bourgeoisiein social and political theory, the social order dominated by the land-owning class. In the 19th century, the term became associated with the middle class10
12958896796coup d'etatsudden seizure of political power in a nation11
12958896797plebiscitea direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal12
12958896798Balance of powera political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others13
12958896799legitimacyhereditary right of a monarch to rule14
12958896800conservativesin the first half of the 19th century, Europeans who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe (mostly wealthy landowners)15
12958896801liberalsin the first half of the 19th century, Europeans who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments (mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants)16
12958896802radicalsin the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people17
12958896803socialisman economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all18
12958896804nation-statean independent nation of people having a common culture and identity (ie: France, Spain)19
12958896805nationalismthe belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation - that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history - rather than to a king or empire20
12958896806Zionism19th century nationalist movement for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine21
12958896807self-determinationthe determining by the people of the form their government shall have, without reference to the wishes of any other nation, especially by people of a territory of former colony22
12958896808Suffragethe right of voting23
12958896809Universal manhood suffragevoting for all male citizens24
12958896810Universal suffragevoting for all citizens regardless of ethnicity, sex, or religion25
12958896811Imperialismpolicy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially26
12958896812Cultural imperialismdomination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority27
12958896813Colonialismpolicy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power28
12958896814Extraterritorialitythe right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the 19th and 20th century, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right29
12958896815Annexationthe adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit30
12958896816Social Darwinismthe application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as justification for imperialist expansion31
12958896817Sphere of Influencean area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges; includes treaty ports - trade cities opened to foreign residents as a result of forced treaties, in treaty ports foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality32
12958896818Economic Imperialismindependent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments33
12958896819Cottage industriesweaving, sewing, carving and other small scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent laborers using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs34
12958896820Industrythe process of making products by using machinery and factories35
12958896821Labor unionan organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members (working conditions, wages) through strikes or negotiations with employers36
12958896822laissez-fairean economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws37
12958896823urbanizationthe growth of cities and the migration of people into them38
12958896824Protectoratea country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power39
12958896825colonya country or a region governed internally by a foreign power40
12958896826pogroman organized campaign of violence against Jewish communities in late 19th century Russia41
12958896827millenarianismbelief in a coming ideal society and especially one created by revolutionary action by a religious, social, or political group/movement42
12958896828caudilloa Spanish or Latin America military dictator43
12958896829Napoleon BonaparteEmperor of France from 1804-1815; took power through a coup d'état. Was a hero of the French Revolution and his legal reform (the Napoleonic code) influenced other legal systems around the world. He is considered to be one of the most superior military commanders of all time44
12958896830Adam SmithSeen as the founder of Capitalism. Enlightenment thinker and author of The Wealth of Nations in 1776.45
12958896831Prince Klemens von MetternichAustrian Foreign Minister who led the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. Advocated a conservative stance when rebuilding Europe following the Napoleonic Wars46
12958896832Karl MarxCo-author of The Communist Manifesto - his theories heldd that societies progress through a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (workers)47
12958896833Friedrich EngelsCo-author of The Communist Manifesto - made important contributions to family economics48
12958896834Simon BolivarVenezuelan who played a key role in the Latin American struggle for independence from Spain and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America49
12958896835Abraham LincolnPresident of the United States during the civil war50
12958896836Porfirio DiazPresident of Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Fought as a rebel during the French intervention and at the Battle of Puebla. Was overthrown during the Mexican Revolution of 1910.51
12958896837Muhammad AliSelf-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Regarded as the founder of modern Egypt for his military and industrial reforms52
12958896838Cecil RhodesEnglish-born South African businessman responsible for helping claim much of Africa for Great Britain (From Cape Town to Cairo)53
12958896839Queen VictoriaLongest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and named Empress of India during that time54
12958896840King Leopold IIKing of Belgium and sole owner of the Congo Free State in Africa, where he used force labor to acquire rubber55
12958896841Alexander IIRussian czar responsible for the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861 and attempted other reforms in Russia after their defeat in the Crimean War56
12958896842Baron de MontesquieuEnlightenment thinker who advocated the separation of powers and checks and balances within a government57
12958896843Thomas JeffersonAmerican founding father, president, and principal author of the Declaration of Independence58
12958896844Jean-Jacques RousseauFrench philosopher whose ideas of the social contract influenced both the American and French Revolutions59
12958896845John LockeEnglish philosopher who believed all men were born with natural rights and it was the duty of the government to protect those rights. His work influenced the founding fathers of the United States60
12958896846Marie CuriePolish physicist and chemist responsible for pioneering research on radioactivity. Received two Nobel prizes in science for her research61
12958896847Issac NewtonEnglish mathematician who discovered the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Also shares credit for the creation of calculus62
12958896848Louis PasteurFrench chemist whose experiments supported the germ theory of disease and helped create the first vaccines63
12958896849VoltaireFrench Enlightenment thinker and satirist who was a proponent of freedom of religion and expression as well as separation of church and state64
12958896850James WattScottish inventor remembered for his work with the steam engine65
12958896851Common SenseMade Thomas Paine popular in America for advocating liberty from Britain66
12958896852Declaration of Independencedocument stating that the thirteen colonies were separate from Great Britain. Expressed the philosophy behind the Patriots' fight against British troops in America67
12958896853BastilleA former prison that still symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy68
12958896854Declaration of the Rights of ManDocument from the French Revolution declaring basic human rights, 178969
12958896855Civil Constitution of the ClergyAbolished special privileges of the Catholic Church in France and put it under state control70
12958896856Committee of Public SafetyPowerful group, led by Maximilien Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.71
12958896857Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female CitizenAlienated the male dominated leadership of the French Revolution72
12958896858Primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son73
12958896859Code NapoleonAll citizens were equal and ir provided for trial by jury and freedom of religion74
12958896860MaroonsEscaped slaves75
12958896861Benito JuarezIndian lawyer from a background of poverty who became Mexico's president and eventually served five terms76
12958896862La ReformaLiberal revolt which resulted in a new constitution for Mexico in 185477
12958896863José de San MartínCreole in South America who defeated royalists to establish an independent government. "Protector of Peru"78
12958896864Claude Henri de Saint-SimonAdvocated strongly for public works that would provide employment79
12958896865Robert OwenEstablished utopian communities at New Lanark in Scotland and New Harmony in the United States, where he insisted on providing some education for child workers80
12958896866Prime Minster Camilo BensoCount of Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia; who helped to unify Italy as a constitutional monarchy81
12958896867gauchosA rough equivalent of the North American cowboy82
12958896868Spinning JennyInvented byJames Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time83
12958896869Water framePatented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used water power to drive the spinning wheel84
12958896870division of laborThe type of arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job85
12958896871crop rotationRotating different crops in and out of a field each year86
12958896872Seed drillA device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground87
12958896873Enclosure movementGovernment fenced off the commons in order to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land88
12958896874Transcontinental RailroadRailroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US89
12958896875Sluma district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions90
12958896876StockholderIndividuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market91
12958896877Captains of industryOvershadowed the landed aristocracy as the power brokers and leaders of modern society92
12958896878UtilitarianismSought the greatest good for the greatest number of people93
12958896879TanzimatReorganization/reform movement in late Ottoman empire94
12958896880abolitionist movementAn international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.95
12958896881CreolesNative-born elites in the Spanish colonies.96
12958896882Estates-GeneralFrench representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.97
12958896883FreetownWest African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.98
12958896884French RevolutionMassive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms99
12958896885gens de couleur libresLiterally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background of the Haitian Revolution.100
12958896886HaitiName that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.101
12958896887Haitian RevolutionThe only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti)102
12958896888Hidalgo-Morelos RevolutionSocially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests103
12958896889Latin American RevolutionsSeries of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule104
12958896890Toussaint L'OuvertureFirst leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) .105
12958896891Napoleon BonaparteFrench head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.106
12958896892NationA clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.107
12958896893NationalismThe focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.108
12958896894Petit BlancsThe "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.109
12958896895Seneca Falls ConferenceThe first organized women's rights conference, 1848110
12958896896Elizabeth Cady StantonLeading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).111
12958896897the TerrorTerm used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.112
12958896898Third EstateIn prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble,113
12958896899Tupac AmaruThe last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.114
12958896900BourgeoisieTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."115
12958896901British Royal SocietyAssociation of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."116
12958896902Crimean WarMajor international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.117
12958896903Dependent developmentTerm used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.118
12958896904DumaThe elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.119
12958896905Sigmund FreudAustrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today120
12958896906Labour PartyBritish working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.121
12958896907Latin American Export BoomLarge-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries i122
12958896908LeninPen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.123
12958896909Mexican RevolutionLong and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.124
12958896910Model TThe first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.125
12958896911Robert OwensSocialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.126
12958896912Peter the GreatTsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.127
12958896913PopulismLate-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.128
12958896914ProgressivismAmerican political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.129
12958896915ProletariatTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.130
12958896916Russian Revolution of 1905Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.131
12958896917Socialism in the United StatesFairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.132
12958896918Steam engineMechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.133
12958896919Abd al-Hamid IIOttoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.134
12958896920Boxer RebellionRising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed135
12958896921China 1911The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the Qing dynasty for the previous half-century.136
12958896922DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.137
12958896923Meiji RestorationThe overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor138
12958896924Matthew PerryU.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.139
12958896925Opium WarsTwo wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.140
12958896926Russo-Japanese WarEnding in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.141
12958896927SamuraiArmed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.142
12958896928Self-strengthening MovementChina's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.143
12958896929Selim IIIOttoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.144
12958896930The Sick Man of EuropeWestern Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.145
12958896931Social DarwinismAn application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.146
12958896932Taiping UprisingMassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.147
12958896933Tokugawa ShogunateRulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.148
12958896934Unequal treatiesSeries of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.149
12958896935Young OttomansGroup of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.150
12958896936Young TurksMovement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire151
12958896937ApartheidAfrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.152
12958896938Cash crop agricultureAgricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.153
12958896939Cultivation SystemSystem of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.154
12958896940Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.155
12958896941Scramble for AfricaName used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.156

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