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| 5607388899 | Autocracy | A political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual | 0 | |
| 5607388902 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 1 | |
| 5607388904 | Manchus | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 2 | |
| 5607388906 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. | 3 | |
| 5607388907 | Peter the Great | Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | 4 | |
| 5607388908 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 5 | |
| 5607388909 | Serfs | A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | 6 | |
| 5607388910 | Siberia | A vast Asian region of Russia | 7 | |
| 5607388911 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | 8 | |
| 5607388912 | Tsar | A male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) | 9 | |
| 5607388913 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. | 10 | |
| 5607388914 | Congress of Vienna | conservative, reactionary meeting, led by Prince Metternich, restore Europe to Prerevolution time | 11 | |
| 5607388915 | Constitutional Convention | the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 | 12 | |
| 5607388916 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 13 | |
| 5607388917 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 14 | |
| 5607388918 | Estates General | The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime. | 15 | |
| 5607388919 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | 16 | |
| 5607388920 | George Washington | Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. | 17 | |
| 5607388921 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 18 | |
| 5607388922 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. | 19 | |
| 5607388923 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 20 | |
| 5607388924 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | 21 | |
| 5607388925 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) | 22 | |
| 5607388926 | Karl Marx | Founder of modern communism | 23 | |
| 5607388927 | Labor Unions | Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. | 24 | |
| 5607388928 | Liberalism | An economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard | 25 | |
| 5607388929 | Nationalism | Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | 26 | |
| 5607388930 | Otto von Bismarck | German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) | 27 | |
| 5607388933 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa | 28 | |
| 5607388934 | Colonialism | Exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one | 29 | |
| 5607388935 | Panama Canal | A ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) | 30 | |
| 5607388936 | "Scramble" for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | 31 | |
| 5607388937 | Suez Canal | Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. | 32 | |
| 5607388938 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774) | 33 | |
| 5607388940 | Mandate System | Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI. | 34 | |
| 5607388961 | Agricultural Revolution (18th Century) | Introduced scientific farming, rotation of crops instead of land laying fallow allowed for an agricultural two-fer: increase in productivity and crop yield as well as allowing for the growing of such plants as turnips and beets (and potatoes from the Americas) that could be used to feed large numbers of animals during the winter. | 35 | |
| 5607388962 | Crimean War | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed | 36 | |
| 5607388963 | Division of Labor | Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity. | 37 | |
| 5607388964 | Electric Telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. | 38 | |
| 5607388965 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 39 | |
| 5607388966 | Iaissez faire | A policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy | 40 | |
| 5607388967 | Mass Production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. | 41 | |
| 5607388968 | Mechanization | The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. | 42 | |
| 5607388969 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 43 | |
| 5607388970 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 44 | |
| 5607388971 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 45 | |
| 5607388972 | Sepoy | An Indian soldier serving under British command. | 46 | |
| 5607388973 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | 47 | |
| 5607388974 | Simone Bolivar | He led Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Hispanic America. "George Washington of South America" | 48 | |
| 5607388975 | Steam Engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. | 49 | |
| 5607388976 | Taiping Rebellion | The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 50 | |
| 8926316061 | Boxer Rebellion | Officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. | 51 | |
| 8926336992 | Young Turk | a member of a revolutionary party in the Ottoman Empire who carried out the revolution of 1908 and deposed the sultan Abdul Hamid II. | 52 | |
| 8926348620 | Young Ottomans | a secret society established in 1865 by a group of Ottoman Turkish intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which they believed did not go far enough. | 53 | |
| 8926351682 | Tanzimat Reforms | Reforms directed at Europe to suggest that the Ottoman Empire belonged among the European nations as well as a commitment to transform the Empire based on European models. | 54 | |
| 8926378648 | Secular | denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis. Attempts were made at creating this in the Ottoman Empire. | 55 |
