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| 5788844187 | Seven Years' War | A war (1756-1763) fought by Britain against the French and their Native American allies. Britain, emerging victorious, took possession of the French territories in Canada and became the dominant colonial power in North America. | 0 | |
| 5788844188 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). | 1 | |
| 5788844189 | Declaration of Independence | the proclamation made by the second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain. | 2 | |
| 5788844190 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826). | 3 | |
| 5788844191 | James Madison | 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836). | 4 | |
| 5788890574 | Bastille | French Revolution, in Paris mob stormed the Bastille which was combination of jail and armory. They murdered the governor of Bastille, Mayor of Paris and soldiers. | 5 | |
| 5788890575 | Bourgeoisie | From the French word for town, Bourg. Originally applied to the inhabitant of walled towns, who occupied a soci-economic position between rural peasantry and federal aristocracy. With the development of industry, it became identified more with employers, as well as with other members of the "middle class," professionals, artisans, and shopkeepers. | 6 | |
| 5788890576 | Charles I | (R. 1625-49), Decided to collect taxes of the war from the General Estates. He was beheaded by the Parliament. | 7 | |
| 5788890577 | Creole | 16th to 18th centuries, a white person born in Spanish America of Spanish parents. | 8 | |
| 5788890578 | Diderot | French philosopher, leading figure of Enlightenment in France his work on the 1st encyclopedia. | 9 | |
| 5788890579 | Divine Right of Kings | A political doctrine influential in the 16th and 17th centuries which held that the monarch derived his authority from God and was therefore not accountable to earthly authority. James I of England (r. 1603-25) was foremost exponent. | 10 | |
| 5788890580 | Estates-General | 3 estates, general assembly representing the French estates. 1st (clergy), 2nd (nobles), and 3rd (common people). | 11 | |
| 5788890581 | National Assembly | the body constituted by the French Third Estate in June 1789 after the calling of the Estates General. It was dissolved in Sept 1791 to be replaced by the new Legislative Assembly. | 12 | |
| 5788890582 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | fundamental document of French constitutional history, drafted by Emmanuel Sieyes, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on Aug. 26, 1789, and embodied in the French constitution of 1791 as a preamble. Its framers were much influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and by the philosophes. The French declaration listed the "inalienable rights" of the individual (a list of duties was, after some debate, omitted by its framers). The rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and the rights to freedom of speech and of the press were guaranteed. The document asserted the equality of men and the sovereignty of the people, on whom the law should rest, to whom officials should be responsible, and by whom finances should be controlled. Many of its provisions were aimed at specific abuses of the ancien régime. The declaration had immense effect on liberal thought in the 19th cent. | 13 | |
| 5788890583 | Galileo Galilei | The Italian astronomer (1564-1642), turned the newly invented telescope skyward, observed at least four satellites circling Jupiter. Published Copernicus finding, added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work. | 14 | |
| 5788890584 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688 resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over king. Nobles invited Mary and William to come to England and rule as Protestant. | 15 | |
| 5788890585 | Isaac Newton | English scientists, author of Principles drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motions; defined force of gravity. | 16 | |
| 5788890586 | Jacobins | A French revolutionary party founded by 1789, became the most radical party. Responsible for Reign of Terror and execution of kings. | 17 | |
| 5788890587 | Johannes Kepler | (1571-1630) was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in scientific revolution. He design the model of solar system and published his result in 1609. | 18 | |
| 5788890588 | Louis XVI | (R. 1774-92), Like Charles I, he decided to elicit the funds by convening the leaders of the French people through the Estates-General in 1789. French monarch of late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. | 19 | |
| 5788890589 | Mestizo | A person of mixed race. In Central and South America it usually denotes a person of combination Indian and European descent. | 20 | |
| 5788890590 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who started revolution among Native Americans and Mestizos. | 21 | |
| 5788890591 | Montesquieu | French enlightenment thinker wrote, " the Spirit of Law", believed in a separation of powers in the government, 3 branches (legislative, executive, judicial), believed that the liberty of the people must be guarded from corrupt leaders. | 22 | |
| 5788890592 | Napoleon Bonaparte | (1769-1821), protected the election process, the election of the Directors in 1797, 1798, and 1799 were disputed until he was appointed himself the First Consul and emperor in 1804. He overthrew French Directory, became emperor, failed to defeat Great Britain invade Russia and caused war and was defeated by Russia. | 23 | |
| 5788890593 | Napoleonic Code | Codified laws of France in order to maintain equality of classes and systematize the administration of justice. Issued in 1804, pressed the. Law and principle of a career open to talents. Uniform codes of criminal and commercial penal law. | 24 | |
| 5788890594 | Continental System | Napoleon's plan in 1806 to blockade Britain by excluding her ships from ports on the mainland of Europe. | 25 | |
| 5788890595 | Waterloo | A town of central Belgium near Brussels. Napoleon met his final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815). A city of northeast Iowa on the Cedar River northwest of Cedar Rapids. It was founded in 1845. | 26 | |
| 5788890596 | Nicholas Copernicus | A polish astronomer, corrected the Julian Calendar,(1473-1543), Proposed the they that sun was the center of universe. | 27 | |
| 5788890597 | Oliver Cromwell | An ardent Calvinist and Military genius ruled as Lord Protector of England from 1653 until his death in 1658. He defeated those who rebelled against his new government in both Ireland and Scotland. He was also beheaded. | 28 | |
| 5788890598 | Philosophes | A group 18th century writers and philosophers mostly French who emphasized the supremacy of human reason as the key to progress for social, economic, and political reform. | 29 | |
| 5788890599 | René Descartes | (1596-1650), a french mathematician and philosopher, who identified principles of inertia motion, argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. | 30 | |
| 5788890600 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | (1712-78), believed people who lived in civilized society were unhappy and selfish and people should live outdoor in harmony with nature. Wrote The Social Contract (individual should subject their will to the community and majority should rule). | 31 | |
| 5788890601 | Simón Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America, won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. | 32 | |
| 5788890602 | Social Contract | A mythical unwritten agreement among early people in a state of nature to established some form of government. Define the rights of individual and government. | 33 | |
| 5788890603 | The Reign of Terror | The period from 1793 to 1794, when Maximilian Robespierre France nearly as dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed. | 34 | |
| 5788890604 | Maximillian Robespierre | (1758-94), he introduced the Worship of the Supreme Being, a kind of generalized civic religious ritual that alienated the Catholic majority in France. In 1794, he was the most important leader of the Committee. | 35 | |
| 5788890605 | Thomas Hobbes | He believed that conflict is a part of human and believed that we make a contract with the government to keep the peace and people need to give up some of their rights to achieve order. | 36 | |
| 5788890606 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of Haitian revolution. | 37 | |
| 5788890607 | Voltaire | French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher, believed in tolerance, reason, and limited government. | 38 | |
| 5788890608 | Congress of Vienna | The Congress brought together diplomats from the leading countries of Europe to resolved issued raised by Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath. It redrew the national borders, established a balance of power, and enshrined conservative government in Europe for about 30 years. An assembly of representatives of all the powers of Europe, led by the most influential states, concluded diplomatic agreements that established a balance of power between them and redrew the postwar map of Europe. | 39 | |
| 5788890609 | Charles Darwin | natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). | 40 | |
| 5788890610 | Enclosure Acts | Laws passed in England from 1450-1640, and culminating 1750-1860, which converted public lands held in common into parcels of land to be sold to private owners. | 41 | |
| 5788890611 | Karl Marx | German socialist, saw history as defined by class struggle between group out of power and those controlling the means of producing. | 42 | |
| 5788890612 | Michael Faraday | Invented generators motion through a copper wire through a magnetic field induced am electric current in wire from Britain. | 43 | |
| 5788890613 | Otto von Bismarck | He worked to unite German speaking states into a single nation. Unified the state through his policy of Blood and Iron. He successfully waged war against Denmark, Austria, and France and with each success feeling of German nationalism surged. | 44 | |
| 5788890614 | Proletariat | A collective now designated the class that owns and directs the means of proclamation. In Marxist thought, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat need each other, but they were always in conflict over the distribution of wealth. | 45 | |
| 5788890615 | Spinning Jenny | Prepared natural fibers for weaving. | 46 | |
| 5788890616 | Flying Shuttle | Machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733. | 47 | |
| 5788890617 | Cotton Gin | machine that separates the seeds, seed hulls, and other small objects from the fibers of cotton. | 48 | |
| 5788890618 | Steam Engine | An engine that converts the heat energy of pressurized steam into mechanical energy, especially one in which steam drives a piston in a closed cylinder. | 49 | |
| 5788890619 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). | 50 | |
| 5788890620 | Capitalism | An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development occurs through the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market. | 51 | |
| 5788890621 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790). | 52 | |
| 5788890622 | Free Market | An economic market in which supply and demand are not regulated or are regulated with only minor restrictions. | 53 | |
| 5788890623 | Invisible Hand | An economic principle, first postulated by Adam Smith, holding that the greatest benefit to a society is brought about by individuals acting freely in a competitive marketplace in the pursuit of their own self-interest. | 54 | |
| 5788890624 | Socialism | 1Any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy. The stage in Marxist-Leninist theory intermediate between capitalism and communism, in which the means of production are collectively owned but a completely classless society has not yet been achieved. | 55 | |
| 5788890625 | Communism | A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people. | 56 | |
| 5788890626 | Suffrage | The right to vote in political elections. | 57 | |
| 5788890627 | Thomas Edison | Phonograph | 58 | |
| 5788890628 | Alfred Dreyfus | a jewish officer in French army unjustly accused of treason. | 59 | |
| 5788890629 | Boers | descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa. | 60 | |
| 5788890630 | Clemens Von Metternich | prince and foreign minister of Austria, conservative leaders of major European powers successfully quelled powerful nationalistic uprisings in Poland, Prussia, Italy, and Hungary. | 61 | |
| 5788890631 | Crimean War | war between Russian and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops broke out after Russia had threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeking to take Ottoman controlled territory in Balkans. | 62 | |
| 5788890632 | David Livingstone | Scottish missionary begin in South Africa (intended to provide medical assistance to Africa) treat them with respect. | 63 | |
| 5788890633 | Extraterritoriality | required foreigners charged with legal crimes in Japan be tried by foreign courts rather than by Japanese courts. | 64 | |
| 5788890634 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | led his followers into South Italians kingdom of two sicilies which collapsed and subsequently joined, Venice gained after the war. | 65 | |
| 5788890635 | Giuseppi Mazzini | provided a prophetic vision for Italy. it founded Young Italy's a secret association urging Italian unification and independence from foreign control by French, Austrian, and Spanish. On the Duties of Man expressed his nationalistic views. | 66 | |
| 5788890636 | Meiji Restoration | overthrew of shogun replaced by an emperor who initiated a series of social, economic, and political reforms. Meiji reformers modernized Japan. | 67 | |
| 5788890637 | Muhammad Ali | modernized Egypt by focusing on military and industrialization, emerged as ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon. | 68 | |
| 5788890638 | Nationalism | a positive feeling of belonging to a particular nation, often including a desire to serve the nation. | 69 | |
| 5788890639 | Opium Wars | a war between China and Britain which shifted the world power from China to Britain. Britain got Hong Kong and got all ports opened. | 70 | |
| 5788890640 | Shaka Zulu | leadership of his kingdom north of Cape Colony. | 71 | |
| 5788890641 | Social Darwinism | theory by Herbert Spencer known as "survival of the fittest" | 72 | |
| 5788890642 | White Man's Burden | The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism. | 73 | |
| 5788890643 | British East India Company | One of the world's oldest joint stock companies, founded in 1600. A British company, it traded cotton, silk, opium and other products with India, China and Southeast Asia. It received a number of legal privileges from the British government, and eventually came to rule large parts of India until the mid-19th century. | 74 | |
| 5788890644 | Sepoys | An indigenous soldier serving in the army of a foreign conqueror, especially an Indian soldier serving under British command in India. | 75 | |
| 5788890645 | Raj | Dominion or rule, especially the British rule over India (1757-1947). | 76 | |
| 5788890646 | Boxer Rebellion | In 1900, a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | 77 | |
| 5788890647 | Berlin Conference | It was a series of meetings held in 1884 and 1885 with the goal of dividing the continent of Africa between the European powers. As countries scrambled to establish colonies on the continent, the heads of state wanted to head off any potential conflicts between them over territory. | 78 | |
| 5788890648 | Spheres of Influence | A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation. | 79 | |
| 5788890649 | Open Door Policy | The policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries. | 80 | |
| 5788890650 | Taiping Rebellion | a rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing Dynasty. The rebellion failed. | 81 | |
| 5788890651 | Commodore Matthew Perry | United States admiral who led a naval expedition to Japan and signed a treaty in 1854 opening up trade relations between United States and Japan; brother of Oliver Hazard Perry (1794-1858) | 82 | |
| 5788890652 | Monroe Doctrine | a principle of US foreign policy that opposes the influence or interference of outside powers in the Americas. | 83 | |
| 5788890653 | Spanish American War | A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, as a result of which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba, which became independent in 1902. | 84 | |
| 5788890654 | Boer Wars | A war (1880-1881) in which Britain unsuccessfully attempted to enforce its annexation of the Boer territory in the Transvaal. A war (1899-1902) between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, over the sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands. The war ended with British victory. | 85 | |
| 5788890655 | Suez Canal | a sea-level canal in NE Egypt, crossing the Isthmus of Suez and linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea: built (1854-69) by de Lesseps with French and Egyptian capital; nationalized in 1956 by the Egyptians. | 86 | |
| 5788890656 | Panama Canal | canal across the Isthmus of Panama, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: extends from Colón on the Caribbean Sea southeast to Balboa on the Gulf of Panama; built by the US (1904-14), after an unsuccessful previous attempt (1880-89) by the French under de Lesseps. | 87 | |
| 5788890657 | Queen Liliokolani | Queen of the Hawaiian Islands (1891-1893). She was the last Hawaiian ruler to govern the islands. | 88 | |
| 5788890658 | Victor Emmanuel II | Helped in Italy unification. | 89 | |
| 5788890659 | William I of Prussia | King of Prussia, emperor of Germany. | 90 | |
| 5788890660 | Zionism | The moment to recreate a Jewish homeland. | 91 | |
| 5788890661 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902). | 92 | |
| 5788892256 | John Locke | English philosopher (1632-1704), believed that all people had Natural Rights;life, liberty, property and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights. | 93 | |
| 5788914338 | Marquis de Condorcet | (1743-94), French philosopher, mathematician. | 94 | |
| 5788914339 | José De Francia | First leader of Paraguay following its independence from Spain dictator. | 95 | |
| 5788914340 | Moroonage | An escaped slave who fled to remote often hilly areas, and joined with others to create small, free colonies. The process of flight followed by community building. | 96 | |
| 5788914341 | Vodoun | A religion of Caribbean region which blended religious practices brought from African with those of Catholicism brought from Europeans. | 97 | |
| 5788914342 | Chartist Movement | A national working class organization calling for universal male suffrage, an end to property qualification for members of parliament and equal electoral district. | 98 | |
| 5788914343 | Garden City Concepts | A self-contained planned town combing work, residential, agricultural and surrounded by rural belt. | 99 | |
| 5788914344 | James Hargreaves | A weaver, carpenter, and inventor in England, responsible for mechanizing spinning. | 100 | |
| 5788914345 | Max Weber | Social class model power comes from authority. | 101 | |
| 5788914346 | Reform Bill, 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class, failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 102 | |
| 5788914347 | Richard Arkwright | Patented "water frame" that could spin several cotton strands simultaneously. | 103 | |
| 5788914348 | Al-Hajj Umar | Captured the kingdom of Messina and made it a center of empire. France defeated him. | 104 | |
| 5788914349 | Maji-Maji Revolt | German crushed the rebellion in Tanganyika led by Kinjikitile who claimed to have magic water that won't harm them (perform the refusal to work in cotton plantation). | 105 | |
| 5788914350 | Mfecane | Time of troubling. | 106 | |
| 5788914351 | Muhammad Ahmad the Mahdi | A messiah who would restore true religion. Build a state in Sudan opposition to Egyptian government (at 1st they were victorious, but Mahdi died and his followers los the war). | 107 | |
| 5788914352 | Nabob | Indian Muslim ruler who grieved rich in India and can marry local women. | 108 | |
| 5788914353 | Samori Toure | Declared himself almami, a leader of faithful killed Muslim and leaders to capture king, referred to an guerrilla leader and defeated by French. | 109 | |
| 5788914354 | Sati | A practice in India, women suicide, Britain banned this practice. | 110 | |
| 5788914356 | Theodor Herzl | A Viennese Jewish Journalist encountered fierce anti-Semitism. He was shocked to find hateism in the capital of liberal world, where Jews had gained citizenship. | 111 | |
| 5788914357 | Uthman Dan Fodio | Sufi teacher condemned the rulers for corruption, sacrilege, persecution of true Muslim. | 112 | |
| 5788914358 | Young Ireland | a movement or party of Irish patriots in the 1840s who split with Daniel O'Connell because they favoured a more violent policy than that which he promoted. | 113 | |
| 5822055601 | States of Nature | The mythical situation in which people lived without any legal codes or contracts, each free to do exactly as he or she pleased, without the restrictions of law and society, but also without protections of law and society. | 114 | |
| 5822069274 | Enlightened Despotism | Rule by a government that is not subject to democratic control, but nevertheless is efficient and humane. The rule/despot was usually a king or emperor. | 115 | |
| 5822081440 | Mulatto | In the Americas, a person of mixed race, usually with parents from European and African origins. | 116 | |
| 5822084008 | Mazombo | An American-born direct descendant of Portuguese settlers. | 117 | |
| 5822089378 | Hacienda | A rural estate controlled by one person or family giving shelter and protection to many dependent workers. The owner was called a haciendado. | 118 | |
| 5822095623 | Libertador | "Liberator" term applied to leaders of the independence revolts against Spanish rule in Latin America. Especially applied to Simón Bolívar, but given to others. | 119 | |
| 5935497593 | Peterloo Massacre | Huge and peaceful demonstration by 80,000 people called universal male suffrage, the annual election of House of Common in parliament and abolition of corn laws. | 120 |
