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| 8947885634 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 0 | |
| 9115991068 | T. Hobbes | wrote Leviathan, people were by nature greedy and prone to violent welfare, government should preserve peace and stability at all cost advocated powerful ruler (absolute monarchs) | 1 | |
| 9115993144 | J. Locke | Two Treatises on Government, mankind for most part was good, all men born equal to one another and natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property. primary responsibility of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights. people justified to revolt if government broke rules | 2 | |
| 9115994563 | Voltaire | French philosopher who wrote against religious intolerance./Voltaire wrote against intolerance by French royalty. He was a deist and idolized China as a country governed by elite secular scholars. | 3 | |
| 9115996841 | Diderot | French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, first encyclopedia | 4 | |
| 9116001987 | Montesquieu | argued for separation of power among the branches of the government: executive, legislative, and judicial | 5 | |
| 9116003641 | Rousseau | all men were equal and society should be organized to the general will, wrote Social Contract. people are good at will and corrupted by society | 6 | |
| 9116006025 | E. Burke | A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny. | 7 | |
| 9116008835 | J. Wesley | English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) | 8 | |
| 9116011317 | Deism | Belief in God but he has no play in our lives | 9 | |
| 9116012180 | T. Jefferson | Main author of the Declaration of Independence | 10 | |
| 9116015036 | Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 11 | |
| 9116018411 | M. Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 12 | |
| 9116020202 | Olympe de Gouges | French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens. | 13 | |
| 9116022364 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 14 | |
| 9116024199 | Louis XVIII | Bourbon restored on the French throne by the Quadruple Alliance. Surprisingly, he maintained Napoleon's Concordant and Civil Code. However, liberals disliked his moderation. | 15 | |
| 9127539704 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. | 16 | |
| 9127545252 | F. Toussaint L'Ouverture | leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 17 | |
| 9127564587 | J. Dessalines | September 20, 1758-October 17, 1806 A leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the constitution | 18 | |
| 9127576789 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 19 | |
| 9127586054 | J. de San Martin | Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well | 20 | |
| 9127589804 | Pedro I | aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil | 21 | |
| 9127598008 | Peninsulares | 1450-1750 : Descendants of the original conquistadores sought to protect their privileges against immigrant newcomers; Spaniards born in the Americas (creoles) resented the pretension to superiority of those born in Spain (?)... These people came to Latin America and were of the highest social class | 22 | |
| 9127604716 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | 23 | |
| 9127619852 | Mestizo | 1450 - 1750 : The most distinctive feature of these new colonial societies in mexico and peru was their emergence. they were a mixed - race, population, initially the product of unions between Spanish men and indian women | 24 | |
| 9127623446 | Demographic Transition | A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. | 25 | |
| 9127628418 | Conservatism | The ideology of slow or gradual change. | 26 | |
| 9127847829 | Liberalism | The ideology that encourages rapid progressive movement | 27 | |
| 9127853707 | Nationalism | The loyalty of a people to their common culture, traditions, ethnicity, geographic territory, and the idea of self-rule | 28 | |
| 9128057941 | Zionism | Jewish nationalism | 29 | |
| 9128066718 | T. Herzl | Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state | 30 | |
| 9128109560 | O. Van Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire | 31 | |
| 9128133419 | Factory System | Intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline | 32 | |
| 9128173616 | Capitalism | an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit | 33 | |
| 9128177157 | J. Watt | Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution | 34 | |
| 9128184143 | Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | 35 | |
| 9128184144 | E. Whitney | an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged | 36 | |
| 9128187727 | Luddites | Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd | 37 | |
| 9128187728 | Socialism | Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capatilistic exploitation of the working class | 38 | |
| 9128191732 | K. Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production ; preached the inevibility of social revolution and the creation of proletarian dictatorship | 39 | |
| 9128191733 | Communism | a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society | 40 | |
| 9128191734 | Proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | 41 | |
| 9128194178 | Labor Unions | Organization of workers for the purpose of increased lobbying power for benefits and wages; created to defend the interests of the members | 42 | |
| 9128196504 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 43 | |
| 9128199435 | Suffrage Movement | the right to vote | 44 | |
| 9128202822 | Abolitionist Movement | 1750-1914 : An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. | 45 | |
| 9128202823 | W. Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807. | 46 | |
| 9128202918 | Seneca Falls Conference | the first major meeting to discuss equal rights for women in the US, wrote Declaration of Sentiments-drafted after the Declaration of Independence, laid out womens' demands. Reactions: some women felt empowered, others were very critical | 47 | |
| 9128208442 | E. Cady Stanton | 1750-1914 : She was the leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). She published a womens bible eliminating the parts she found offensive. As heirs to the French revolution, feminists ardently believed in progress and insisted that it must now include a radical transformation of the position of women. | 48 | |
| 9128208443 | B. Juarez | leader of of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Napoleon and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximillion; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872 | 49 | |
| 9128208444 | Porfirio Diaz | A dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. | 50 | |
| 9128211523 | E. Zapata | Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819 | 51 | |
| 9179817223 | P. Villa | Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor. | 52 | |
| 9128211524 | T. Malthus | 18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. | 53 | |
| 9128211525 | Sultan Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 | 54 | |
| 9128214415 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849) | 55 | |
| 9128214416 | Sultan Hamid II | Ruled Ottoman empire as a until the Young Turks sent him into exile. ruined constiution and stood by Tanzimat | 56 | |
| 9128220743 | Opium Wars | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in Opium; resulted in responding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade | 57 | |
| 9128220744 | Taiping Rebellion | Rebellion inspired by Hong Xiuquan. Called for the destruction of the Qing dynsasty. Included: no private property, no foot binding/concubines, communal wealth, free public education, literacy.(Some wanted industrial society) | 58 | |
| 9128223841 | Empress Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported the Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners | 59 | |
| 9128223842 | Self-Strengthening Movement | A late 19th century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways | 60 | |
| 9128223843 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 61 | |
| 9128225875 | Commodore Perry | a navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. He delivered a letter from the US president, demanding that Japan open its ports to foreign trade. A year later, he returned for their reply, bringing some Western technology. | 62 | |
| 9128229322 | Ito Hirobumi | Most important journey to europe to study foreign constitutions. drew inspiration from German | 63 | |
| 9128229323 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism | 64 | |
| 9128229324 | Emperor Mutsuhito | Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power.The Meiji Era began under this Emperor | 65 | |
| 9128236612 | Crimean War | Russia tried to expand, but failed. Showed weakness of empire because it could not beat Europe. | 66 | |
| 9128246518 | Witte System | Russian economic policy that stimulated industrialization: railroads, coal and steel. | 67 | |
| 9128246519 | Alexander II | the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that abolished serfdom | 68 | |
| 9128248913 | Nicholas II | Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin | 69 | |
| 9128248914 | Soviets | Council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian revolution | 70 | |
| 9128251076 | Duma | Russia's 1st parliamentary government | 71 | |
| 9128251077 | Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 | 72 | |
| 9128251078 | Young Turk Movement | Group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI | 73 | |
| 9179966800 | Maratha Empire | Militant Hindus who formed a breakaway state in the south and waged guerilla warfare against Aurangzeb and the Mughal Empire. | 74 | |
| 9179972855 | Zulu Kingdom | The name of a tribe of South Africa people who live in the northern part of Natal. They were the dominate tribe in the late 19th century when European Imperialism began. They resisted both the Boers and the British, but ultimately lost their homeland and freedom by 1879. | 75 | |
| 9179981210 | C. Rhodes | Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 76 | |
| 9179989930 | R. Kipling | (1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands | 77 | |
| 9180053555 | Leopold II | (reigned 1865-1909) King of Belgium who employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River | 78 | |
| 9180057572 | European Imperialism | the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. | 79 | |
| 9180082127 | Queen Victoria | British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement | 80 | |
| 9180208130 | Queen Lili'uokalani | last queen of Hawaii; reigned 1891-1893; this queen was overthrown in 1893 by a group of planters and businesspeople who invited US to annex Hawaii (Grover Cleveland opposed it; finally done by William McKinley in 1898) | 81 | |
| 9180213178 | Monroe Doctrine | Declaration in 1823 establishing America as a completely independent country; they were supported by the British; European rules | 82 | |
| 9180220389 | A. Lincoln | (1809-1865) He was the sixteenth president of the United States and against slavery. He became president in 1860 just before the civil war, however, slavery was ended threw the emancipation proclamation and the civil war was ended, all during his presidency. | 83 | |
| 9180226700 | T. Roosevelt | He was a United States president in office 1901-1909, an enthusiastic champion of imperial expansion, the United States supported a rebellion against Columbia in 1903 and helped rebels established a breakaway state of Panama. | 84 | |
| 9180234957 | C. Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. | 85 | |
| 9180237515 | Ram Mohan Roy | called the "father of modern India"; among rhe most influential Indian elite; supported some British colonial policies | 86 | |
| 9180241028 | Suez Canal | Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. | 87 | |
| 9180245492 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 | 88 | |
| 9180252782 | Sepoy Revolt (Rebellion) | (1857) the rebellion of the Indian soldiers that fought for the British, the bullets were sealed with pig fat and they didn't want to use the bullets. | 89 | |
| 9180283396 | Great Game | European power play for control of states | 90 | |
| 9180287908 | Boer War | (1899-1902) Took place in South Africa, conflict between Dutch Boers and the British, British prevail. | 91 | |
| 9180296814 | Berlin Conference | (1884-1885) Took place in the new state of Germany, all the Western superpowers decided which parts of Africa they should get | 92 | |
| 9180306530 | Social Darwinism | Charles Darwin's theory applied to societies as a way to explain why imperialism is okay. There are superior and inferior societies. | 93 | |
| 9180332396 | S. Freud | (1856-1939) A medical doctor from Vienna who embarked on research that focused on psychological rather than physilogical explanations of mental disorders. Identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. | 94 | |
| 9180344582 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor and organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence. | 95 | |
| 9180359973 | Emperor Guangxo | Wanted to make China a constitutional monarchy, admitted China was headed in the wrong direction, faced resistance from the conservatives. | 96 | |
| 9180382829 | M. Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | 97 | |
| 9180386587 | Battle of Vertieres | the last major battle of the Second War of Haitian Independence, and the final part of the Haitian Revolution under Jean Jacques Dessalines. | 98 | |
| 9180416063 | The Directory | (1795-1799) created by the new constitution it was the first bicameral legislature in French history. It consisted of a parliament of 500 representatives, but the majority of French people wanted to be rid of them. They habitually disregarded the terms of the constitution, and, when the elections went against them, appealed to the sword. They resolved to prolong the war because state finances had been so ruined that the government could not meet its expenses without the plunder and the tribute of foreign countries. If peace were made, the armies would return home and the directors would have to face the angry, unemployed soldiers and power hungry generals. The directors was were not supported and their general maladministration heightened their unpopularity. | 99 | |
| 9180422437 | Reign of Terror | Period in the French Revolution. It was established by the government on Sept. 5, 1793, to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (including nobles, priests, and hoarders). Controlled by the radical Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, the Terror eliminated enemies on the left (Jacques Hébert and his followers) and the right (Georges Danton and the Indulgents). | 100 | |
| 9180436216 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. believed france needed complete restructuring; secular | 101 | |
| 9180439370 | Decl. of the Rights of Man & Citizen | One of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are universal: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places, pertaining to human nature itself. | 102 | |
| 9180449902 | Tennis Court Oath | On June 20, 1788 the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall because of "repairs," moved to a a large tennis court were they swore this famous deceleration. | 103 | |
| 9180458559 | Bastille | The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles | 104 | |
| 9180462863 | Decl. of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 105 | |
| 9180477554 | U.S. Constitution | The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. | 106 | |
| 9180484846 | G. Garibaldi | the "sword", used guerilla tactics, won Sicily, and Naples, republic, turns over land to Victor Emmanuel for sake of Italy | 107 | |
| 9180496451 | Laissez Faire | Government is hands off of industry | 108 | |
| 9180500525 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) Japan vs China over land and Japan wins. | 109 | |
| 9180526418 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) Russia vs Japan and Japan wins, establishes Japan as a global power. | 110 | |
| 9180534417 | A. Smith | (1723-1790) Scottish who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, outlines capitalism, argued that education creates compassion, the free market is based on supply and demand, the key to capitalism is competition, no monopolies. | 111 | |
| 9180577969 | J. Priestly | (1733-1804) English chemist & clergyman, did experiments about the properties of air and discovered the existence of oxygen. His studies on carbon dioxide led to his invention of carbonated drinks (like soda) | 112 | |
| 9180637805 | Philosophes | - for example: John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - rarely challenged monarchical rule, but sought instead o make kings responsible to the people the governed - philosophical thinkers - called for freedom and equality and began to question long-standing notions of sovereignty - the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment | 113 |
