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| 9226471280 | abolitionist movement | An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. |  | 0 |
| 9226471281 | Creoles | Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies. |  | 1 |
| 9226471282 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution. |  | 2 |
| 9226471284 | Estates-General | French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. |  | 3 |
| 9226471286 | French Revolution | Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy. |  | 4 |
| 9226471287 | Haiti | Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language. |  | 5 |
| 9226471288 | Haitian Revolution | The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). |  | 6 |
| 9226471290 | Latin American Revolutions | Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. | 7 | |
| 9226471291 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state. |  | 8 |
| 9226471293 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe. |  | 9 |
| 9226471294 | Nation | A clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience. |  | 10 |
| 9226471295 | Nationalism | The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century. |  | 11 |
| 9226471296 | North American Revolution | Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy. | 12 | |
| 9226471298 | Seneca Falls Conference | The first organized women's rights conference |  | 13 |
| 9226471299 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). |  | 14 |
| 9226471300 | the Terror | Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution. |  | 15 |
| 9226471301 | Third Estate | In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution. |  | 16 |
| 9226471302 | Tupac Amaru | The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name. |  | 17 |
| 9226471303 | British Royal Society | Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge." |  | 18 |
| 9226471305 | Caudillo | A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America. |  | 19 |
| 9226471306 | Crimean War | Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia. |  | 20 |
| 9226471308 | Porfirio Diaz | Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution. |  | 21 |
| 9226471315 | Karl Marx | German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. |  | 22 |
| 9226471316 | Mexican Revolution | Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order. |  | 23 |
| 9226471318 | Model T | The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford. |  | 24 |
| 9226471320 | Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe. |  | 25 |
| 9226471322 | Progressivism | American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization. |  | 26 |
| 9226471325 | Steam engine | Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible. |  | 27 |
| 9226471326 | Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign. |  | 28 |
| 9226471327 | Boxer Rebellion | Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed |  | 29 |
| 9226471328 | China 1911 | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. |  | 30 |
| 9226471329 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. |  | 31 |
| 9226471331 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor |  | 32 |
| 9226471332 | Matthew Perry | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. |  | 33 |
| 9226471333 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. |  | 34 |
| 9226471334 | Russo-Japanese War | Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. |  | 35 |
| 9226471335 | Samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration. |  | 36 |
| 9226471336 | Self-strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. |  | 37 |
| 9226471337 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. |  | 38 |
| 9226471338 | The Sick Man of Europe | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. |  | 39 |
| 9226471339 | Social Darwinism | An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century. |  | 40 |
| 9226471340 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |  | 41 |
| 9226471341 | Tanzimat Reforms | Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization." |  | 42 |
| 9226471342 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868. |  | 43 |
| 9226471344 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. |  | 44 |
| 9226471345 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire |  | 45 |
| 9226471350 | Colonial tribalism | A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive. |  | 46 |
| 9226471351 | Leopold II | his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths. |  | 47 |
| 9226471353 | Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. |  | 48 |
| 9226471356 | Scramble for Africa | Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900. |  | 49 |
