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| 6724431219 | Napoleon Bonaparte | General overthrew French Directory(1799)Emperor of French(1804). Failed to defeat Great Britain, abdicated (1814). Returned briefly in 1815, defeated/died in exile. | 0 | |
| 6724432994 | gens de couleur | Free men/women of color in Haiti. Sought greater political rights, later supported Haitian Revolution. | 1 | |
| 6724435515 | Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader-Haitian Revolution. Freed the slaves/ gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by British and French. | 2 | |
| 6724437133 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish old order after defeat of Napoleon I. | 3 | |
| 6724439240 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic/nationalist revolutions swept across Europe. Monarchy in France overthrown. Revolutions in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary failed. | 4 | |
| 6724441631 | Industrial Revolution | Transformation of economy, environment, and living conditions, occurred first England (18th century) resulted from use of steam engines, mechanization of manufacturing in factories, innovations in transportation/communication. | 5 | |
| 6724445558 | agricultural revolution | Transformation of farming resulted (18c) spread new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding. Consolidation of small holdings into large farms - tenants/ sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. | 6 | |
| 6724448311 | mass production | Manufacture identical products by division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. Method introduced into manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into cotton thread spinning- Richard Arkwright | 7 | |
| 6724450231 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist pottery works first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. | 8 | |
| 6724453666 | division of labor | Manufacturing technique breaks down craft into many simple/repetitive tasks performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered pottery works (Josiah Wedgwood) and in other (18c) factories- greatly increased productivity of labor and lowered cost of manufactured goods. | 9 | |
| 6724455275 | mechanization | Application of machinery to manufacturing / other activities. First processes mechanized were spinning of cotton thread and weaving of cloth late 18c and early 19c England. | 10 | |
| 6724456801 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor/entrepreneur became wealthiest / most successful textile manufacturer early Industrial Revolution. Invented water frame- machine - minimal human supervision, spin several threads at once. | 11 | |
| 6724459176 | Crystal Palace | Building erected Hyde Park, London, for Great Exhibition(1851). Made of iron/glass, gigantic greenhouse, symbol of industrial age. | 12 | |
| 6724462857 | steam engine | Machine turned energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude, workable steam engine (1712). James Watt improved device(1760s and 1770s). Steam power later applied- moving machinery in factories and powering ships and locomotives. | 13 | |
| 6724464439 | James Watt | Scot invented condenser and other improvements made steam engine a practical source of power for industry/transportation. Watt, electrical measurement - named after him. | 14 | |
| 6724466680 | electric telegraph | Device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over electric wire. Introduced England/North America (1830s-1840s) replaced telegraph systems utilized visual signals such as semaphores. | 15 | |
| 6724469061 | laissez faire | Government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. Classic exposition of laissez-faire principles- Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). | 16 | |
| 6724471082 | mercantilism | European government policies (16-18c) promoted overseas trade between country and colonies. Accumulate precious metals requiring colonies to trade only with motherland country. British system defined by Navigation Acts, and French system by laws (Exclusif). | 17 | |
| 6724473959 | positivism | French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists philosophy) believed social/economic problems only solved by application of scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Ideas popular in France and Latin America in 19c. | 18 | |
| 6724476021 | Simon Bolivar | Most important military leader in struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 19 | |
| 6724478018 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest led first stage of Mexican independence war(1810). Captured and executed in 1811. | 20 | |
| 6724479230 | Jose Maria Morelos | Mexican priest /former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, led forces fighting for Mexican independence until captured and executed in 1815. | 21 | |
| 6724484427 | Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. New Dominion of Canada and central government in Ottawa - beginning of Canadian nation | 22 | |
| 6724486070 | personalist leaders | Political leaders rely on charisma and ability to mobilize/direct masses of citizens outside authority of constitutions/ laws. 19c examples Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. | 23 | |
| 6724487124 | Andrew Jackson | First president of United States born in humble circumstances. Popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. Had successful political career- judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After denied presidency (1824) in controversial election, won in 1828, reelected in 1832. | 24 | |
| 6724488879 | Jose Antonio Paez | Venezuelan soldier led Simon Bolivar's cavalry force. Successful general in war, built powerful political base. Unwilling to accept constitutional authority of Bolivar's government in distant Bogotá, declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia(1829) | 25 | |
| 6724491611 | Benito Juarez | President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, educated as lawyer, rose to chief justice of Mexican supreme court, became first president. Led Mexico's resistance to French invasion(1863) and installation of Maximilian as emperor. | 26 | |
| 6724494351 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader- attempted to organize Amerindian confederacy to prevent loss of additional territory to American settlers. Ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle. | 27 | |
| 6724497829 | Caste War | A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901. | 28 | |
| 6724499682 | abolitionists | Men/ women agitated for complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended British transatlantic slave trade(1808), slavery in British colonies(1834). United States - activities of abolitionists a factor leading Civil War. (1861-1865) | 29 | |
| 6724501860 | acculturation | Adoption of language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. | 30 | |
| 6724503568 | Women's Rights Convention | Gathering of women(1848) angered by exclusion from international antislavery meeting. Met at Seneca Falls, New York - discuss women's rights. | 31 |
