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| 6725223827 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 0 | |
| 6725096516 | "separate spheres" | Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics | 1 | |
| 6725100377 | socialism | A political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers form exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. | 2 | |
| 6725101972 | labor union | An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. | 3 | |
| 6725107207 | Karl Marx | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). | 4 | |
| 6725111544 | anarchists | Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups. | 5 | |
| 6725114375 | nationalism | A political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation- a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. In the late nineteenth century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the twentieth century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism. | 6 | |
| 6725116821 | liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America. | 7 | |
| 6725120405 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | - Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860. | 8 | |
| 6725122500 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire. | 9 | |
| 6725126154 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 10 | |
| 6725127917 | Empress Dowager Cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | 11 | |
| 6725136820 | Enlightenment | A philosophical belief system in eighteenth-century Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 12 | |
| 6725140478 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. |  | 13 |
| 6725228446 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 14 | |
| 6725234158 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 15 | |
| 6725236713 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 16 |
