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| 5540665979 | Estates general | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 0 | |
| 5540984898 | Industrial Revolution | Fundamental changes in technology and systems of production that began in England in the late 18th century and transformed manufacturing from small-scale craft to factory-based production. | 1 | |
| 5540991649 | French Revolution | A major change in government that began in 1789; it brought an end to the absolute monarchy and a start to a representative government | 2 | |
| 5541007615 | American Revolution | The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which rebel colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. | 3 | |
| 5541011224 | Louis XVI | (1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded; the Third Estate (bourgeoisie/middle class, peasants and city workers) revolted because they were tired of paying all the taxes and being left out of political decisions | 4 | |
| 5541030352 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Created by the Third Estate. The document stated that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights." These rights included "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." The document also guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. | 5 | |
| 5541039192 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 6 | |
| 5541042594 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon. | 7 | |
| 5541052196 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 8 | |
| 5541065318 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. He led the blacks to victory over the whites and free colored and secured native control over the colony in 1797 | 9 | |
| 5541081387 | Simón Bolívar | South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation. | 10 | |
| 5541083543 | Caudillos | By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators. | 11 | |
| 5541121987 | Enlightenment | A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy. | 12 | |
| 5541124516 | Scientific Revolution | A transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions | 13 | |
| 5541137698 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | 14 | |
| 5541176792 | Bourgeoisie | French middle class | 15 | |
| 5541182157 | The National Assembly | A group of Third Estate delegates that broke ties with the Estates General. Drafted a constitution for France at the Oath of the Tennis court. Marked the first stage of the revolution. | 16 | |
| 5541184481 | Tennis Court Oath | A pledge made by the locked out members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution. | 17 | |
| 5541839028 | Old Regime | A combination of the absolute monarchy and feudalism in France; it included the three estates | 18 | |
| 5541840529 | Storming the Bastille | July 14, 1789: There had been a rumor that the king had been planning a military coup against the National Assembly. The people decided to defend their city and marched to the Bastille prison for gunpowder. The governor of the prison refused them, so they fought until the prison surrendered. This saved the National Assembly. Is now called the "Bastille Day" and is France's Independence Day and was the symbol for the French Revolution. | 19 | |
| 5543622101 | Social Contract | an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects. | 20 |
