The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present
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| 2601967089 | Western Front | war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants | 0 | |
| 2601967091 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I | 1 | |
| 2601967092 | Nicholas II | Russian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 1918 | 2 | |
| 2601967095 | Armenian genocide | launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives | 3 | |
| 2601967096 | Submarine warfare | a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war | 4 | |
| 2601967097 | Armistice | November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities | 5 | |
| 2601967101 | Treaty of Versailles | ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories | 6 | |
| 2601967102 | League of Nations | international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined | 7 | |
| 2601967103 | Indian National Congress | political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence | 8 | |
| 2601967107 | M. K. Gandhi | Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence | 9 | |
| 2601967108 | Satyagraha | "truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule | 10 | |
| 2601967122 | Fascism | political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs | 11 | |
| 2601967132 | Soviet | council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution | 12 | |
| 2601967134 | Russian Communist Party | Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution | 13 | |
| 2601967136 | Red Army | built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution | 14 | |
| 2601967140 | Joseph Stalin | Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953 | 15 | |
| 2601967141 | Collectivization | creation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants | 16 | |
| 2601967147 | Mao Zedong | communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976 | 17 | |
| 2601967149 | Totalitarian State | a 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states | 18 | |
| 2601967155 | National Socialist (Nazi) Party | founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany | 19 | |
| 2601967156 | Blitzkrieg | German term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks | 20 | |
| 2601967158 | Winston Churchill | British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany | 21 | |
| 2601967159 | Holocaust | Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died | 22 | |
| 2601967160 | United Nations | global organization, founded by the Allies following World War II | 23 | |
| 2601967161 | Tehran Conference | 1944; meeting between the leaders of Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe | 24 | |
| 2601967162 | Yalta Conference | 1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union | 25 | |
| 2601967163 | Potsdam Conference | 1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors | 26 | |
| 2601967165 | Quit India movement | mass civil disobedience campaign against British rule of India in 1942 | 27 | |
| 2601967170 | Afrikaner National Party | became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid | 28 | |
| 2601967171 | Cold War | struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia | 29 | |
| 2601967173 | Iron Curtain | term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations | 30 | |
| 2601967175 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets | 31 | |
| 2601967176 | Warsaw Pact | the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites | 32 | |
| 2601967179 | Green movement | rise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth | 33 | |
| 2601967182 | New feminism | a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes | 34 | |
| 2601967185 | Third World | term for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world | 35 | |
| 2601967194 | Gamal Abdul Nasser | member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful | 36 | |
| 2601967197 | Apartheid | Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority | 37 | |
| 2601967199 | African National Congress (ANC) | South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections | 38 | |
| 2601967200 | Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994 | 39 | |
| 2601967207 | Great Leap Forward | economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960 | 40 | |
| 2601967209 | Cultural Revolution | initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968 | 41 | |
| 2601967210 | Jiang Qing | wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976 | 42 | |
| 2601967211 | Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui | pragmatists who opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction ad market incentives at the local level | 43 | |
| 2601967212 | Red Guard | student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies | 44 | |
| 2601967213 | Gang of Four | Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong | 45 | |
| 2601967214 | Tayson Rebellion | peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties | 46 | |
| 2601967215 | Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) | with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802 with the capital at Hue | 47 | |
| 2601967216 | Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) | middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French | 48 | |
| 2601967217 | Communist Party of Vietnam | the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh | 49 | |
| 2601967218 | Ho Chi Minh | shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam | 50 | |
| 2601967219 | Viet Minh | Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards | 51 | |
| 2601967220 | Viet Cong | the communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War | 52 | |
| 2601967221 | Mikhail Gorbachev | leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime | 53 | |
| 2601967222 | Glasnost | term meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government | 54 | |
| 2601967223 | Perestroika | term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control | 55 | |
| 2601967224 | Globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups | 56 | |
| 2601967225 | Multinational corporations | business organizations with connections across political borders | 57 |
