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| 9801720386 | Suburbanization | A demographic movement of people from urban areas into suburbs. It is usually associated with the growth of the middle class and increasing economic progress. | 0 | |
| 9801730962 | Alliance systems: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente | The two alliance systems in Europe that led up to World War I. The Triple Alliance included the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Italians. The Triple Entente included the Russians, French, and Serbians. | 1 | |
| 9801754588 | Zimmermann Telegram | A coded telegram dispatched by Germany's foreign secretary that was intercepted by the British. The message was from the German ambassador Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico promising that Mexico would get back land in the southwest U.S. if it entered World War I against the U.S | 2 | |
| 9801768821 | Bolsheviks | The leaders of the Russian Communist Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin | 3 | |
| 9801775182 | Vladimir Lenin (Russia) | ruled 1917 to 1924 The leader of the Russian Revolution. He advocated for a communist intelligentisa to lead the poor farmeres into the communist revolution. | 4 | |
| 9801799208 | Joseph Stalin (Russia) | A leader in the communist revolution. He exploited teh differences between Leon Trotsky and Nicolai Bukarin to take power. | 5 | |
| 9801807329 | Collectivization | A government policty in communist governments to pursue rapid industrialization. Farmers would farm common land and would then be taxed on their produce, and the produce would be sold on the international market to get money for building industrial cities. | 6 | |
| 9801817774 | Totalitarianism | A type of government that controlls all aspects of individual life in order to create soical order. It was most used by communist governments in Russia, China, Vietnam, North Korea, and Cuba | 7 | |
| 9801824986 | Armenian genocide | The Young Turks during World War I saw the Armenian Christians as an internal threat. The Young Turks argued taht the Armenians would join up with the RUssians in World War I. The Young Turks tried to eliminate Armenians through exile or murder. | 8 | |
| 9801838848 | The Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson developed a plan afater World War I to ensure long-term peace. It included 14 points but is best sumamrized as folows: - Freedom of the seas for trade - Open diplomacy - No secret alliances - Limited production of arms - Creation of the League of Nations | 9 | |
| 9801862444 | Treaty of Versailles | 1919 The treaty ending World War I. The British and French humilitated teh Germans by blaming them for World War I and demanding they pay for all of the war damages. | 10 | |
| 9801872320 | League of Nations and United Nations | Both were international institutions created after the World WArs. The League of Nations was created for collective security. The idea was to stop countries from starting wars by forcing them to follow international laws. The United Nations was created as a place for international diplomacy. | 11 | |
| 9801886535 | Russian communism vs. Chinese communism | Both Russian and Chinse communism attempted to form collectives of farms.The Chinese tried to maintain traditional farming practices thorugh government-mandated collectivized farming. | 12 | |
| 9801897506 | Fascism | A political ideology of extreme nationalism. The dictatorial government believes in national and/or racial superiority and in controlling citizens for social order and economic control. | 13 | |
| 9801910563 | Atlantic Charter | 1941 An agreement between the U.S. and Britain to fight Japan in Southeast Asia in an effort to uphold international rights and free trade against Japanese imperialism. | 14 | |
| 9801926990 | Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact | 1939 The Russians made an agreement with Germany at the beginning of World War II. The Germans promised not to invade Russia. The Russians promised the Germans land to mobilize their armies. Hitler broke the pact and invaded Russia, so Russia joined the American and British alliance. | 15 | |
| 9801946936 | Chinese nationalists: Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong | Chinese nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek. They wanted to modernize China with democracy and capitalism. Mao Zedong wanted China to become communist.This led to an internal ivil war between Mao Zedong and Chian Kai-shek. Eventually the communists won in 1949. | 16 | |
| 9803521575 | Truman Doctrine | 1947 American foreign policy to fund anti-communist groups in Greece and Turkey | 17 | |
| 9803529049 | Marshall Plan | 1947 A plan to rebuild Europe after World War II. America provided financial aid to European coutnreis to develop their industrial economies. The purpose was to increase trade in the West in order to avoid poverty and prevent the expansion of communism into Western Europe. | 18 | |
| 9803573269 | Berlin Airlift | 1948 Russia's Jospeh Stalin cut off West Berlin from West Germany. He did this in response to America trying to unify Western Germany under one democratic government and one capitalist economic system. Truman's response was to airlift food and suppliesto Western Berlin for a year until Stalin gve up. | 19 | |
| 9803596044 | Korean War | 1950 to 1953 North Koreans invaded South Korea in order to reunify the peninsula under communism. The Americans responded by supporting the South Koreans. General Douglas MacArthur pushed the North Koreans up to the Yalu River. Then, the Chinese got invovled and pushed the Americans back to the 38th parallel | 20 | |
| 9803677931 | Nikita Krushchev (Soviet Union) | ruled 1953 to 1964 The leader of the USSR after Joseph Stalin. He attempted to reform the Soviet Union after Stalin. He succeeded in developing Russia's cities and heavy steel industries. | 21 | |
| 9803692691 | Warsaw Pact | 1955 An alliance between Russia and Eastern communist countries against Western capitalist countries. | 22 | |
| 9803705288 | Leonid Brezhnev (Soviet Union) | ruled 1964 to 1982 The leader of teh Soviet Union during the 1970s. He buildt up the USSR's nuclear arsenal in competition with the U.S but hten he agreed to the SALT talks with the U.S to reduce overall nuclear arms production | 23 | |
| 9803725160 | Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro (Cuba) | Fulgencio Batista was the military dictator of Cuba during the 1950s. He was supported by the U.S Fidel Castro led a revolution that ousted Batista. Castro eventually turned to the USSR for political support | 24 | |
| 9805043451 | Cuba's Bay of Pigs Invasion ("Operation Mongoose") | A covert CIA operation planned under Eisenhower and then exeuted by John F. Kennedy. Cuban exiles would travel from Mexico to the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. The U.S. would provide military air force cover to help the Cuban exiles join with other Cubans to overthrow Castro. But Castro found out before the invasion and was waiting for the exiles at the Bay of Pigs. | 25 | |
| 9805066543 | Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh, and Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam) | Ho Chi Minh was the communist leader of the Viet Minh or liberation army in North Viename. It eventually surrounded the French at their fort, Dien Bien Phu, and forced thre French to leave Vietnam | 26 | |
| 9805076133 | Gulf of Tonkin | President Lyndon Johnson claimed taht the Vietnamese had attacked two American battleships, USS C. Turner Joy and USS Maddox, in international waters. He argued that this justified Americans sending combat troops to Vietnam | 27 | |
| 9806138659 | Pentagon Papers | Daniel Ellsberg released these secret documents in 1971, showing that Lyndon Johnson had lied about the scopre of the Gulf of Tonkin. The two battleships were within NOrth Vietnamese waters. One ship was attaked with little damage and the other's radar malfunctioned due to a weather storm | 28 | |
| 9806166049 | Great Leap Forward | 1958 to 1962 Mao Zedong tried to collectivize farming by putting people oncommon farmlands of 10,000 people. This lead to a misallocation of resourcse and the deaths of millions of Chinese in a manmade famine | 29 | |
| 9806186312 | Cultural Revolution | 1966 to 1976 Mao Zedong trained young "Red Guards" to go to local villages and put traditional Confucianists on trial for betraying the revolution. This was done to distract from his failure in the Great Leap Forward. | 30 | |
| 9806226562 | Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union) | ruled 1985 to 1991 The leader of Russia after 1984, Gorbachev tried to reform communism to make it more like Western socialism. | 31 | |
| 9806249456 | Glasnost and perestroika | Two reform movements in Russia. Glasnost was meant to provide opportunities to share new ideas. Perestroika was intended to give businesses more freedom for innovation and competition. | 32 | |
| 9807981633 | Tienanmen Square | 1989 Young Chinese students tried to protest and reform the Chinese communist government. They built a statue honoring the Statue of Liberty in the U.S. The Chinese troops were sent in to crush their rebellion and arrest the leaders. | 33 | |
| 9807994788 | Decolonization | The process by which previous colonized countries break away from imperial European countries | 34 | |
| 9808005044 | Mohandas Gandhi | 1869 to 1948 The leader of the non-violent nationalist movement in India. He advocated for satyagraha, or the Hindu spiritual philosophy of using non-violence, to pressure the British to leave India. He was also known as Mahatma, meaning "great soul." | 35 | |
| 9808143716 | Zionism and Theodor Herzl (Isreal) | Theodor Herzl was the leader of the Jewish movement for having a nation-state. The impetus was due to the anti-Semitism faced in Europe and Russia. Herzl believed that if the Jewish people had a nation state, they would have the protection to stop future attacks on their population | 36 | |
| 9808167531 | War for Independence in 1948 | The Jewish people declared the UN partition plan of Palestine to be valid. Six months later, Israel fought the invading armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Israel won the war and declared itself and independent state. | 37 | |
| 9810628269 | Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat (Egypt) | Gamal Abdel Nasser led a coup against the king of Egypt, Farouk. Nasser then led a pan-Arab movement meant to gain Middle Eastern independence from European control and influence. Anwar Sadat was the leader of Egypt during the 1970s. He led the Egyptians in the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Sadat worked wit hteh U.S. and Isreal to create a peace agreement at Camp David in 1978. | 38 | |
| 9810661724 | Camp David Accords | 1978 The meeting between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Isreali Prime Minister Mecahem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They agreed that Egypt would never again invade Israel if Israel turned over the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt | 39 | |
| 9810718959 | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Mohammad Mossadegh (Iran) | The Pahlavi family ruled over Iran from 1945 to 1979. The Iranian people elected the socialist leader Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953 and installed the Pahlavi family back in power. | 40 | |
| 9810727715 | Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran) | ruled 1979 to 1989 A Shiite cleric who led the Muslim part of the revolution against the Pahlavi family in the Iranian Revolution in 1979 | 41 | |
| 9810735421 | Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) | A political organization in Turkey that advocates for the right to Kurdish self-determination | 42 | |
| 9811968189 | National Liberation Front (NLF) | The Vietnamese nationalist dependence movement in South Vietnam. It started as a non-violent movement to oppose U.S.-backed leader Ngo Diem. The NLF eventually bcame a militant ally to the North Viet Minh. they were called the Viet Cong. | 43 | |
| 9812154372 | Kenyan African National Union (KANU) | The nationalist independence movement in Kenya led by Jomo Kenyatta. | 44 | |
| 9812168665 | Apartheid | A racial hierarchy set up in South Africa by the Dutch Afrikaners following World War II. The Afrikaners created a series of laws that defined black South Africans as unequal and segregated them into townships. | 45 | |
| 9812317470 | Nelson Mandela | ruled 1994 to 1999 The leader of the black South African movement for equal rights and an end to apartheid. He started with a non-violent movement but then turned to violence after the Sharpeville Massacre. Mandela was put into Robben Island prison from 1964 to 1982. He was then imprisoned in South Africa at Pollsmoor and Victor Verster prisons until 1990. After his release he ran for and won the South African presidency. | 46 | |
| 9812580793 | African National Congress | The movement created by middle-class Africans at the beginning of the 20th century to create a way to gain independence for African from European imperialism. | 47 | |
| 9812591580 | Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) | The Mexican national party started after the Mexican revolution in 1929. It adopted a socialist government and nationalized the country's oil for development. | 48 | |
| 9812601046 | National Action Party (PAN) | A Mexican political party that emerged to compete with the PRI in the 1990s. Its leader, Vincente Fox, argued for free markets, fewer tariffs, and a privatization of the Mexican government's oil company. | 49 | |
| 9816898038 | Devolution | The belief that nation-states have grown too large. Since the end of the Cold War, many nationalist movements have argued for the breaking down of nation-states into more regional and local areas of governance. | 50 | |
| 9816910939 | Sayyid Qutb | 1906 to 1966 An Egyptian Muslim reformed in the 1950s who argued for a more "pure" Islam based on theocracy. His ideas became the basis of the Muslim Brotherhood, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS. | 51 | |
| 9816917570 | Egyptian Brotherhood | An Islamic group that started in Egypt as a way to unite Arabs around a "pure" Islamic theocracy. They hoped to move Muslims away from modern secular culture toward a more literal following of the Quran. | 52 | |
| 9816925787 | Osama bin Laden | 1957 to 2011 A Saudi Arabian Muslim who helped to create and lead the international terrorist group Al-Qaeda, which believes in creating an Islamic caliphate. | 53 | |
| 9816937257 | Al-Qaeda | A terrorist group made up of Islamic extremists whose objective is to overthrow non-Islamic regimes from North Africa to Southeast Asia. | 54 | |
| 9816937258 | Imperialism | The control of other countries, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, for the purpose of extracting resources for mass production. | 55 | |
| 9816946094 | Social Darwinism | A belief based on the theory of natural evolution. Herbert Spencer argued that groups of people inherit genetic traits that make the superior or inferior to other groups. | 56 | |
| 9816951576 | Terrorism | The use of violence by religious and secular groups against non-military citizens in order to achieve a political goal. The 21st-century examples have been the Muslim groups Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Hamas, and Hezbollah. In the past, the Irish independent movement (Irish Republican Army, or IRA) also used this means against the British for independence. | 57 | |
| 9816970591 | Thomas Edison | 1847 to 1931 An American inventor who created the light bulb. This resulted in more illumination, allowing for factory work to be increased in time and efficiency. | 58 | |
| 9817045626 | Alexander Graham Bell | 1847 to 1922 An American inventor who created the telephone in 1876, opening up possibilities for more efficient and quicker communication over distances. | 59 | |
| 9817058755 | Alexander Fleming | 1881 to 1955 An American scientist who discovered penicillin. This form of medicine helped to fight bacterial diseases. It also meant the switch from the fluids theory to the germ theory in medicine. | 60 | |
| 9817077092 | The Wright brothers | Two American inventors who developed airplane travel in 1903. | 61 | |
| 9817082403 | Mechanized weaponry | Weapons that were created and mass-produced through the Industrial Revolution. The most deadly were the automatic guns, especially the Maxim gun. | 62 | |
| 9817109768 | Maxim gun | An automatic gun that could fire multiple rounds without any interruption. This weapon was used in trench warfare in World War I. | 63 | |
| 9817116246 | Poison gas | Weapon used in World War I by the Germans and French. The most common was mustard gas. This type of chemical warfare was deadly due to its impact on the human biological system. | 64 | |
| 9817137511 | U-boats | The Germans created this form of naval warfare. It was a submerged ship that could be used to sneak up on battleships and ram them, causing them to sink. | 65 | |
| 9817152621 | Airplane | During World War I, all countries used this new form of transportation to drop dynamite on the opposing army's trenches. | 66 | |
| 9817158801 | Tanks | A new technology created by the World War I powers to break the trenches. Tanks were seen as movable fortresses that could cross the field with soldiers on the side. | 67 | |
| 9817166520 | Iceboxes | Refrigerated boxes that could be used to keep produce fresh and avoid spoilage. | 68 | |
| 9817171721 | Atomic bombs: Manhattan Project | A project to break atoms apart in order to create a massive explosive impact including radiation. | 69 | |
| 9817176703 | Arms race | The development of nuclear bombs by the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War. Both sides would race each other to develop weapons for greater global influence. | 70 | |
| 9817187711 | Charles Dawes' Plan | 1923 Charles Dawes was a banker after World War I. He developed a plan to lend money to the European allies to develop European industry and consumer markets. | 71 | |
| 9817193445 | Installment plans | Consumers would buy goods by paying incrementally each month. They would take out a loan from a bank or business and then pay back that loan with interest over time. | 72 | |
| 9817201797 | Buying on the margin | Inventors would borrow part of the price on a stock and pay for a small part directly. Typically, it was a 90% loan and a 10% payment. | 73 | |
| 9817206334 | Gold standard | Currencies were backed by a hard metal, gold. The purpose was to maintain a balance of trade among countries. | 74 | |
| 9817222917 | Globalization | A process of connecting global economic and political trade based on lowering tariffs to increase the flow of goods, information, and resources. | 75 | |
| 9817228767 | Bretton Woods Conference | 1944 A meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to establish a global economic system that would be managed by the World bank, International Monetary Fund, and the American dollar. | 76 | |
| 9817238363 | International Monetary Fund (IMF) | A global economic institution that sets up rules for free trade and global loans for development. | 77 | |
| 9817242226 | World Bank | An international economic system that provides loans to developing countries to industrialize in order to increase global trade. | 78 | |
| 9817247671 | Comparative advantage vs. dependency theory | Comparative advantage is an economic theory stating that countries should develop what they do well and trade with the developed world. Dependency theory argues that developing countries become dependent on the developed world due to transnational companies exploiting cheap labor in the developing world. | 79 | |
| 9817269480 | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | An agreement in 1947 to lower tariffs in order to increase international trade. | 80 | |
| 9817271827 | European Union (EU) | A common market created in Europe among countries to lower tariffs and create efficient trade between the countries. | 81 | |
| 9817277027 | Suez Canal | The Suez Canal was a man-made canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea through the isthmus of Suez. The canal was constructed in Egypt by the French. It was seized by the British. In 1957, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal for Egypt. | 82 | |
| 9817290757 | World Trade Organization (WTO) | An organization created in 1955 among countries to create an international court to assess countries' lowering of tariff rates. | 83 | |
| 9817294871 | Absolute poverty vs. relative poverty | Absolute poverty is the measurement of the poor by the actual minimum amount of money that a person has. Relative poverty is the measurement of a person's income in relations to another individual or group. | 84 | |
| 9817305481 | PEMEX | The Mexican oil company owned by the government. The Mexican government nationalized the oil and tries to use the oil for national development. | 85 | |
| 9817314455 | OPEC | A group of Arab countries including Venezuela that tried to use oil production to influence global politics. In the 1970s, OPEC reduced oil production to raise gas prices and force political influence on the U.S. and Europe. | 86 | |
| 9817327794 | NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) and CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement) | Free trade agreements for the Western Hemisphere. NAFTA is an agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada to lower tariff rates to increase trade (1944). CAFTA is an expansion of this agreement between the U.S and Central America. | 87 |
