The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present
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| 9951961848 | Western Front | war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants | 0 | |
| 9951961849 | Eastern Front | war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought | 1 | |
| 9951961850 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I | 2 | |
| 9951961852 | Gallipoli | World War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardenelles | 3 | |
| 9951961858 | David Lloyd George | British prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson | 4 | |
| 9951961859 | Woodrow Wilson | American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations | 5 | |
| 9951961860 | Treaty of Versailles | ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories | 6 | |
| 9951961861 | League of Nations | international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined | 7 | |
| 9951961862 | Indian National Congress | political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence | 8 | |
| 9951961866 | M. K. Gandhi | Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence | 9 | |
| 9951961871 | Mandates | governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers | 10 | |
| 9951961872 | Balfour Declaration | 1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine | 11 | |
| 9951961873 | Zionism | European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine | 12 | |
| 9951961874 | Theodor Hertzl | Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state | 13 | |
| 9951961875 | Alfred Dreyfus | French Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism | 14 | |
| 9951961878 | Negritude | literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements | 15 | |
| 9951961881 | Fascism | political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs | 16 | |
| 9951961883 | Mexican Revolution | 1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections | 17 | |
| 9951961886 | Mexican Constitution of 1917 | promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented | 18 | |
| 9951961887 | Lazaro Cardenas | Mexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education | 19 | |
| 9951961890 | Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) | inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century | 20 | |
| 9951961891 | Soviet | council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution | 21 | |
| 9951961893 | Russian Communist Party | Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution | 22 | |
| 9951961896 | New Economic Policy (NEP) | initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover | 23 | |
| 9951961899 | Joseph Stalin | Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953 | 24 | |
| 9951961903 | May Fourth Movement | acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy | 25 | |
| 9951961909 | Spanish Civil War | civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed | 26 | |
| 9951961911 | Corporatism | conservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups | 27 | |
| 9951961914 | National Socialist (Nazi) Party | founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany | 28 | |
| 9951961917 | Winston Churchill | British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany | 29 | |
| 9951961918 | Holocaust | Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died | 30 | |
| 9951961919 | United Nations | global organization, founded by the Allies following World War II | 31 | |
| 9951961921 | Yalta Conference | 1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union | 32 | |
| 9951961925 | Muslim League | Indian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war | 33 | |
| 9951961926 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan | 34 | |
| 9951961928 | National Liberation Front (FLN) | Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962 | 35 | |
| 9951961930 | Cold War | struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia | 36 | |
| 9951961932 | Iron Curtain | term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations | 37 | |
| 9951961933 | Marshall Plan | 1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements | 38 | |
| 9951961934 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets | 39 | |
| 9951961935 | Warsaw Pact | the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites | 40 | |
| 9951961936 | Welfare state | Great Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy | 41 | |
| 9951961939 | Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan | conservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors | 42 | |
| 9951961940 | European Union | began by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward | 43 | |
| 9951961941 | New feminism | a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes | 44 | |
| 9951961943 | Socialist realism | Soviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses | 45 | |
| 9951961945 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers | 46 | |
| 9951961946 | Liberation theology | combination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor | 47 | |
| 9951961948 | Good Neighbor Policy | introduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states | 48 | |
| 9951961950 | Indira Gandhi | Prime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades | 49 | |
| 9951961953 | Gamal Abdul Nasser | member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful | 50 | |
| 9951961958 | African National Congress (ANC) | South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections | 51 | |
| 9951961959 | Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994 | 52 | |
| 9951961961 | Douglas MacArthur | American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War | 53 | |
| 9951961962 | Liberal Democratic Party | moderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s | 54 | |
| 9951961963 | Republic of Korea | southern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s | 55 | |
| 9951961964 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | northern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War | 56 | |
| 9951961966 | Great Leap Forward | economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960 | 57 | |
| 9951961975 | Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) | middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French | 58 | |
| 9951961976 | Communist Party of Vietnam | the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh | 59 | |
| 9951961977 | Ho Chi Minh | shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam | 60 | |
| 9951961983 | Globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups | 61 | |
| 9951961984 | Multinational corporations | business organizations with connections across political borders | 62 |
